Air France Female Crew Object to Hijab

France’s national airline will allow female staff to volunteer for a new route to Iran rather than require them. Air France announced that female flight attendants must wear a headscarf, also known as hijab, on arrival in Iran.   Some flight attendants objected. The union representing crew members said they worried that females would face discipline if they refused to work the flight. The airline now says female participation on the route to Iran will be on a volunteer basis. The airline begins three flights a week between Paris and Tehran on April 17.  The headscarf issue puts the two cultures in conflict. Women in Iran have been required to wear hijab since a revolution in 1979. In France, religious headscarves are not allowed in some schools and offices. It is also against the law to wear the full-faced veil in public in France. I’m Kathleen Struck.   VOANews.com reported on this story. Jim Dresbach adapted the report for Learning English. Kathleen Struck was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section or visit our Facebook page. ________________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   headscarf – n.  a piece of cloth worn over a woman's or girl's head hijab – n. a head covering worn in public by some women

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What Was So Cute It Stopped Bay Bridge Traffic?

This is What's Trending Today. The area around the California city of San Francisco has some of the worst traffic in the United States. One of the main bridges that connects San Francisco with Oakland, another big California city, is called the Bay Bridge. It goes across the San Francisco Bay. An average of 270,000 cars cross the Bay Bridge every day. If anything stops traffic on the bridge, it becomes a big problem. In 1989, an earthquake caused part of the bridge to collapse. The bridge was closed for a month before repairs were complete. San Francisco drivers were not happy. This past weekend, on the morning of April 3, police officers on motorcycles stopped traffic on part of the bridge. The traffic lanes on the normally crowded bridge were empty, except for some police on motorcycles...chasing something down.   What were they chasing? A small, black dog, called a Chihuahua, running around on the bridge. Although the dog weighs only about 5 kilograms, it could run pretty quickly. Police had trouble catching the dog. They finally caught with the dog by throwing a piece of clothing on him. They saved him from getting hit by any cars. On social media, people joked about the “high-speed” police chase. One Twitter user said, “What can shut down one of the largest bridges in the United States? An adorable Chihuahua it seems.” The police are still looking for the dog’s owner. And that’s What’s Trending Today. I’m Ashley Thompson.   Dan Friedell wrote this story for Learning English. Kathleen Struck was the editor. Have you ever been in a traffic jam caused by something unusual? We want to know. Write to us in the Comments Section or on our Facebook page. _______________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   motorcycle -  n. a vehicle with two wheels that is powered by a motor and that can carry one or two people adorable - adj. very appealing or attractive: very lovable

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Chinese Travel Up Despite Economy Down

Over the past five years, the number of Chinese travelers has grown to 120 million people. One in 10 international travelers is from China.   New airports and better infrastructure have made travel easier for Chinese citizens. Young Chinese citizens are benefiting from reduced visa restrictions around the world. James Roy, a business analyst at China Market Research Group, said Chinese travelers are going to many more destinations than they did in the past. “You know, in the past where it was more about buying an expensive watch or a bag, and showing that off. Now it’s much more about sharing on social media all of the exotic places that you’ve been to,” Roy said.   The World Travel and Tourism Council says that the number of Chinese tourists grew by 53 percent in 2015. Last year, travelers from China spent $215 billion outside the country. Economic slowdown The increased spending on tourism outside of China comes at a time when Chinese officials are dealing with a slowing economy at home. Exports fell 20 percent in February, leading to fears of domestic job losses. Concerns about the economy have not stopped Chinese travelers. Instead, concerns about the economy may encourage Chinese to look for investments abroad. Wolfgang Arlt, the director of China Outbound Tourism Research Institute in Hamburg, said China's growing investments make trips abroad necessary. “First of all, it’s not all about leisure. There is an increasing part of outbound tourism which is simply business tourism, as China is investing overseas and as China has a lot of trading relations and business relations overseas,” Arlt said. Other countries benefit from Chinese tourism Some countries have benefited from tourism from China. Iceland, a popular destination for Chinese tourists, saw its tourism industry grow by 19.4 percent in 2015. Japan had 37 percent growth in visitor spending. The growth in the number of Chinese travelers is contributing to the global growth of the tourism sector, which has added 7.2 million jobs worldwide. Mark Tanner, the managing director of the marketing agency China Skinny, said as Chinese tourists travel in their own country, many will look for new experiences in other parts of the world.  “They are getting a little more adventurous and going a little further afield. And I think that is the same with domestic tourism. They may whet their appetite with some of the local destinations, and increasingly travel abroad,” he said.   Shannon Van Sant reported on this story for VOANews.com. John Russell adapted the report for Learning English. Kathleen Struck was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section or on our Facebook page.   ________________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   infrastructure – n. the basic equipment and structures (such as roads and bridges) that are needed for a country, region, or organization to function properly tourism – n. the activity of traveling to a place for pleasure domestic - adj. of, relating to or made in your own country destination - n. a place where an individual is going or something is being sent sector - n. an area of an economy

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How America Elects: Conventions

The purpose of a political convention is for each party to officially declare its presidential candidate.

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New Study Shows Best, Worst Pay for Women

  American women who work as computer programmers, chefs and dentists earn 28 percent less than men doing the same jobs.   Those are the jobs with the biggest wage differences between men and women, according to a new study by Glassdoor. Glassdoor is an economic research company and employment website in California. Overall, the study found that women earn 5.4 percent less than men for doing the same job, in the same location and for the same employer. The wage differences between women and men were similar in the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany and France, Glassdoor said. Andrew Chamberlain is the chief researcher at Glassdoor. He said 5.4 percent is a big difference in pay between men and women because it cannot be explained by women and men taking different kinds of jobs. It can only be explained by bias against women, or other causes – such as women not negotiating as well for pay, he said. According to the study, women earned at least 15 percent less than men in these job categories: psychologists, pharmacists, physicians, opticians, pilots and game artists. But in the fields of social work, selling merchandise, research assistants and physician advisors, women earn more than men, Glassdoor said. In social work, women earned 7.8 percent more than men, the report said. That was the job category with the biggest advantage for women. It was still far less than the 28 percent pay advantage for men in some fields. For its study, Glassdoor looked at salaries of 505,000 people. The salaries were entered voluntarily by users of the Glassdoor website. One problem with the research is some of the categories had small samples. For instance, only 138 computer programmer salaries were covered in the report. Catherine Hill is vice president of research at the American Association of University Women. She said the Glassdoor study provides important information. The association found similar results in 2012 when it compared salaries between women and men after one-year of college, working the same job. The study found women earned 7 percent less than men one year out of college. Research suggests that women do not negotiate as well as men when it comes to pay, Hill said. And women are generally more uncomfortable asking fellow employees how much they make – so they can see if they are being paid fairly. “Women are more comfortable talking about their sex lives than their paychecks,” Hill said. The U.S. Census Bureau has reported a bigger wage gap for men and women than the Association of University Women and Glassdoor studies. Comparing salaries for full-time workers, the Census Bureau said women earn only 79 percent as much as men. Both Chamberlain, the author of the Glassdoor study, and Hill said the lower wage gap in their studies does not mean women do not face discrimination. Chamberlain said the 5.4 percent difference was higher than he thought it would be. Over a lifetime, that much of a difference in pay can amount to a “large amount of money,” he said. Hill said the U.S. Census statistics are valid because they provide an important overview of the difference in pay for men and women. It is also the only available data that can be used to measure progress in reducing the gender gap, she said. The U.S. Census Bureau wage gap showed women only earned 57 percent as much as men in 1975. It is now up to 79 percent. That is progress, Hill said, but not enough. I'm Bruce Alpert.   Bruce Alpert reported on this story for VOA Learning English.  Kathleen Struck was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section or share your views on our Facebook Page. _______________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   chef – n. a professional cook who usually is in charge of a kitchen in a restaurant dentist – n. a person whose job is to care for people's teeth location – n. a place or position bias – n. tendency to believe that some people, ideas, etc., are better than others that usually results in treating some people unfairly advantage – n. something that helps to make someone better or more likely to succeed than others uncomfortable – adj. causing a feeling of physical discomfort overview – n. a general explanation or description of something

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Is IS Guerrilla Activity Coming to Europe?

Security agencies trying to break up Islamic State (IS) terror cells in Europe fear that IS supporters will use guerrilla tactics to attack major targets. Concerns were raised when images and floor plans of the Belgian prime minister’s office were found on a laptop computer. The computer was found during a search related to the suspects in the Brussels bombings. There is also the evidence that two of the Brussels bombers had video recordings of a scientist at Belgium’s Tihange nuclear center. These developments suggest some terror cells are ready to give up attacks on what have been called “soft targets,” such as train stations or eateries. Islamic State supporters instead might be preparing to attack bigger, more symbolic places. “They’re very invested in the pageantry of it all, so I wouldn’t be surprised,” said one U.S. official who knows about the intelligence on IS. "There is no question that they see Europe as a battlefield.” European officials are worried. And their ability to find and stop possible terror plots differs from one country to the next. “We still have a very high level of concern for new terror attacks,” a Western diplomat told VOA. “The level of engagement and commitment to discover potential attacks is very high.” The official agreed to speak after VOA promised not to release his name. Another concern is Islamic State’s growing use of the Internet to share intelligence between its leadership at home and their terrorist groups around the world. IS has specialized in putting all its combat lessons learned online, said Malcom Nance, a former intelligence and anti-terrorism officer. He now heads the Terror Asymmetrics Project. Nance said that armor-plated vehicles used in Ramadi are now showing up in Somalia and in Benghazi, Libya. “And all of their intelligence sharing is happening at a very rudimentary (or simple) level, and it’s very hard ... (to capture).” At first, intelligence was centered on IS militants using the November 2015 Paris attacks as a model. In other words, they were hitting many “soft targets” at once, and killing or wounding many civilians. But the Brussels attacks suggest the group is growing bolder – unafraid of its enemies. U.S. officials now believe IS is “deeply rooted” in Europe, making the situation more dangerous. There could be hundreds of jihadists who have returned home from Syria and Iraq, working to make thousands more into guerrillas who can still attack after suffering losses. Experts on terrorism like Malcolm Nance say the video of the Belgian nuclear scientist, and the laptop plans of the prime minister’s office, mean it is only a matter of time before IS fighters hit high value targets. “You absolutely should just assume that they are all ready to attack,” Nance warned. In the event of an attack on a nuclear center, Nance said, the goal would be to cause a meltdown inside. It would turn the reactor into a “dirty bomb,” and release radioactive material. But Belgian officials have said there is little to show such attacks are about to take place. However, in France, officials say a terror cell did appear to be on the edge of taking action. On Wednesday, government lawyers announced terror charges against 34-year-old Frenchman Reda Kriket. They said the supply of explosives and arms found in his home was a sign that he planned an act of “extreme violence” very soon. I’m Anne Ball.   VOA’s Jeff Seldin reported on this story. Anne Ball adapted his report for Learning English. George Grow was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section and visit us on our Facebook page. _______________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   tactics - n. methods symbolic – adj. expressing or showing an idea or quality without using words pageantry – n. use of special clothing, traditions and ceremonies are part of a special event potential - adj. possible combat - adj. related to fighting jihadists – n. one engaged in armed opposition to Western influence and culture

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Claim: Turkey Sending Refugees Back to Syria

Amnesty International says Turkey has been forcing about 100 refugees back to Syria every day since January. The rights group recently released a report that said many people in southern Turkey know about the forced removals. The report also strongly criticized the refugee agreement reached last month between Turkey and the European Union. John Dalhuisen is the European and Central Asian director for the group. He said “in their desperation to seal their borders, EU leaders have willfully ignored the simplest of facts: Turkey is not a safe country for Syrian refugees and is getting less safe by the day.” He said the deal to return Syrian refugees and others from Greece to Turkey can only be carried out with the “hardest of hearts” and a “disregard for international law.” Amnesty says children and a woman who was to give birth in a month are among those who have been forced to return to Syria. Turkey has not answered the report. About three million Syrian refugees are in Turkey now. That is more than any other country in the area. Turkey and the EU agreed that war refugees who arrive in Greece would be sent to Turkey after their requests for asylum are considered. Under the deal, for every Syrian sent to Turkey, one refugee would be settled in a European Union country. In exchange, the EU would help pay the cost of caring for the refugees. Also, Turkish citizens would be able to travel to EU countries without visas. The EU also agreed to quickly consider Turkey’s request to join the organization. The agreement was reached to help deal with the worst refugee crisis in Europe since World War II. But human rights groups say the deal is illegal. They criticize the way the agreement deals with people trying to escape war, poverty and terrorism. On Friday, the UN refugee agency said the agreement should not be put into place until a process is created to protect refugees. And it said conditions in Greece and Turkey are worsening. I’m Christopher Jones-Cruise.   VOA News writer Ken Schwartz wrote this story from Washington. Christopher Jones-Cruise adapted it for VOA Learning English. Hai Do was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section, or visit our Facebook page. ______________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   seal – v. to prevent someone from going into or through (an area or place) disregard – n. the act of ignoring something or treating something as unimportant asylum – n. protection given by a government to someone who has left another country in order to escape being harmed

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Everyday Grammar: Words That Are Coming And Going

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Lesson 9: Is It Cold?

Summary Anna wants to know about the weather in Washington, DC. She asks her phone. But her phone tells her about the weather in another place!   Speaking In this video, learn to say the new words. Learn to talk about weather and how to make your voice go up or down to show feelings with the word, "oh." You can also download the Activity Sheet and practice talking about weather with a friend. Pronunciation ​In this video, you ​learn how Americans say short answers with no break between the words.  Conversation   Anna: Oh, hi, everyone! Here in Washington, DC, the weather changes often. One day is cold and windy. But the next day is warm and sunny!  So, every day I check the forecast. Hello, Phone? What is today’s temperature? Phone: Today it is 18 degrees ... Anna: Eighteen degrees! That is cold! Phone: … eighteen degrees Celsius. Anna: Oh, Celsius. That is 65 degrees Fahrenheit. That’s warm. Phone: Yes, Anna. It is warm. Anna: Excuse me, Phone. Is it windy today? Phone: No, it is not windy today. Anna: Is it sunny today? Phone: Yes, Anna. It is sunny. Anna: Excuse me, Phone? Phone: Yes, Anna. Anna: Is it snowy today? Phone: No, Anna. It is not snowy. Anna: Thank you, Phone! Anna: Today the weather is warm and sunny -- great for seeing Washington, D.C. Anna: Phone! It is not warm and sunny! It is cold and windy and snowy! Phone: Anna, it is not cold, windy, or snowy. It is warm and sunny … in Mexico City, Mexico. Anna: Oh. I see. Mexico. Anna: Washington weather changes often. Remember to check the forecast -- the right forecast. Phone: Yes, Anna. Next time remember to check the right fore… Anna: Okay, thank you Phone. Goodbye, Phone. Anna: Until next time!   Writing What is the weather where you are? You can see some examples in the Activity Sheet. Click on the image below to download it. Send us an email or write to us about your town's weather in the Comments section. Learning Strategy Learning Strategies are the thoughts and actions that help make learning easier or more effective. The learning strategy for this lesson is Look for Ways to Practice. We learn to speak by practicing often. Here is an example. Nina sits on the bus next to a friendly American woman. Looking for a way to practice English, Nina asks, "What is the weather in your city?" The woman tells her about her home town, Tampa, Florida. "It's very warm and sunny." Nina can now practice speaking English with the woman until her bus stop.  How do you find ways to practice English? Write to us in the Comments section or send us an email. Teachers, see the Lesson Plan for more details on teaching this strategy. Listening Quiz Desktop Computer: Click here to go directly to the Listening Quiz. Click on the button below if you are on a mobile device or our mobile site.  New Words Celsius - adj. relating to or having a scale for measuring temperature on which the boiling point of water is at 100 degrees and the freezing point of water is at 0 degrees change - v. to become different check -v. to get information by looking at something, asking about something, etc. cold - adj. having a very low temperature​ degree - n. a unit for measuring temperature Fahrenheit - adj. relating to or having a scale for measuring temperature on which the boiling point of water is at 212 degrees above zero and the freezing point is at 32 degrees above zero forecast - n. a statement about what you think is going to happen in the future​ phone - n. a device that is connected to a telephone system and that you use to listen or speak to someone who is somewhere else​ snowy - adj. having falling snow or covered with snow​ sunny - adj. having plenty of bright sunlight​ temperature - n. a measurement that indicates how hot or cold something is; a measurement in degrees showing the heat of something (such as air or water)​ warm - adj. somewhat hot; not cool or cold​ weather - n. the temperature and other outside conditions (such as rain, cloudiness, etc.) at a particular time and place windy - adj. having a lot of wind ______________________________________________________________ Free Materials Download the VOA Learning English Word Book for a dictionary of the words we use on this website. Each Let's Learn English lesson has an Activity Sheet for extra practice on your own or in the classroom. In this lesson, you can use it to practice a conversation about activities. For Teachers See the Lesson Plan for this lesson for ideas and more teaching resources. Send us an email if you have comments on this course or questions. Grammar focus: Short answers;  Topics: Talk about weather; agree and disagree; use Fahrenheit or Celsius Speaking & Pronunciation Focus: Intonation of 'oh;' reduced form of short affirmative answers ______________________________________________________________ New Words   Celsius     - adj. relating to or having a scale for measuring temperature on which     the boiling point of water is at 100 degrees and the freezing point of water is     at 0 degrees change - v. to become different check -v. to get information by looking at     something, asking about something, etc. cold - adj. having a very low temperature degree - n. a unit for measuring temperature Fahrenheit     - adj. relating to or having a scale for measuring temperature on which     the boiling point of water is at 212 degrees above zero and the freezing point  is at 32 degrees above zero forecast - n. a statement about what you     think is going to happen in the future phone - n. a device that is connected to a     telephone system and that you use to listen or speak to someone who is     somewhere else snowy - adj. having falling snow or covered with snow sunny - adj. having plenty of bright sunlight temperature - n. a measurement that indicates     how hot or cold something is : a measurement in degrees showing the heat of     something (such as air or water) warm<- adj. somewhat hot; not cool or cold weather - n. the temperature and other     outside conditions (such as rain, cloudiness, etc.) at a particular time and     place windy - adj. having a lot of wind Celsius - adj. relating to or having a scale for measuring temperature on which the boiling point of water is at 100 degrees and the freezing point of water is at 0 degrees change - v. to become different   check -v. to get information by looking at something, asking about something, etc.   cold - adj. having a very low temperature   degree - n. a unit for measuring temperature   Fahrenheit - adj. relating to or having a scale for measuring temperature on which the boiling point of water is at 212 degrees above zero and the freezing point is at 32 degrees above zero forecast - n. a statement about what you think is going to happen in the future phone - n. a device that is connected to a telephone system and that you use to listen or speak to someone who is somewhere else   snowy - adj. having falling snow or covered with snow   sunny - adj. having plenty of bright sunlight   temperature - n. a measurement that indicates how hot or cold something is; a measurement in degrees showing the heat of something (such as air or water)   warm - adj. somewhat hot; not cool or cold   weather - n. the temperature and other outside conditions (such as rain, cloudiness, etc.) at a particular time and place windy - adj. having a lot of wind Now it's your turn. Send us an email or write to us in the Comments section below or on our Facebook page to let us know what you think of this lesson.

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How Much Do Illegal Immigrants Pay in Taxes?

The American race for president has put immigration to the top of the national conversation. Some candidates argue that immigrants are a drag on U.S. taxpayers. Illegal immigrants cost the U.S. economy about $113 billion every year, said a report released by the Federation for American Immigration Reform in 2010. That conservative group, which supports stronger limits on immigration, said state and local governments pay most of the cost. But how much do illegal immigrants pay in taxes? According to the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy, a non-partisan research group, about $11.64 billion a year in state and local taxes. Matt Gardner is the executive director of the Institute. He says it is difficult to know the exact costs of illegal immigration. He says many estimates are guesses. But he says he believes illegal immigrants pay a lot of tax. “If you listened to the policy debates that are happening -- whether it’s from candidates or from people who are already in office -- you would think the answer is ‘zero.’ “It’s a lot bigger than zero ... $11.6 billion a year is a meaningful amount of revenue for state and local governments,” he says. The institute estimates that illegal immigrants would pay about $2.1 billion dollars more if they were permitted to work legally. There are more than 11 million illegal immigrants in the United States. They are about 3.5 percent of the nation’s population. Most of them live in California, Texas, Florida, New York, New Jersey and Illinois. About half are Mexican. In a 2007 report, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that legal and illegal immigrants pay more tax than the cost of services they are given. The same report found that on the state and local level, illegal immigrants paid less tax than the what they took in services. I’m John Russell.   Dora Mekouar reported on this story from Washington. Christopher Jones-Cruise adapted her report Learning English. Kathleen Struck was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments and visit our Facebook page. ________________________________________________________________ Words In This Story   conversation - n. a talk or discussion involving to or more people drag - n. someone or something that makes action or progress slower or more difficult guesses - n. predictions revenue - n. money that is made by or paid to an organization or business  

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Scientists Could be Closer to AIDS Cure

Since the start of the deadly AIDS epidemic in the 1980s, scientists have been working towards a cure. Now, they may be close to finding one. Researchers have developed a method to cut the viral DNA from a person’s infected cells. It is called CRISPR/Cas9 and it means the person could be virus-free. DNA is a substance that carries genetic information in the cells of animals and plants.   This gene-editing took place in a scientific lab, but has not been tested on humans yet. “It’s a big step,” said Kamel Khalili, Ph.D. He is lead researcher and chair at the Department of Neuroscience at Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He and his team made the discovery. But more tests have to be done to know if it will be a cure for the millions of patients infected with the HIV virus, which causes AIDS. Antiretroviral drugs have been doing a good job of keeping the AIDS virus from reproducing. Such a good job that levels of HIV are just about undetectable in infected people who take the medicine. But even with the drugs, the virus stays in the body’s “T-cells,” which are T-lymphocytes. AIDS damages the immune system, hurting the body’s ability to fight off disease. So the drugs are kind of a “Band-Aid solution,” Khalili explained. They keep the virus from growing. But they do not eliminate the memory of the virus from the cells. And, the moment antiretroviral drugs are stopped, the HIV comes back to life and begins making more HIV, which is the AIDS virus. Khalili and his team of scientists appear to have found a way to cut this viral DNA from infected people’s cells. In their lab, they took cells from people infected with the HIV virus. They removed the part of the cell that was holding the virus. He said they had “in some cases, near 90 percent of the virus replication or production dropped in the patient samples after treatment in the laboratory.” Khalili and his team have not actually cured any patients yet. However, he believes this gene-editing technology could possibly cure AIDS. “Elimination of the virus can lead to the cure.” He said, "it's an exciting time, and the reason is the technologies are available and the methods are in place and our knowledge has increased.” “And hopefully, there will be funding to take us toward this exciting moment for developing the cure strategy by eliminating viral DNA using editing techniques." He said that he hopes human tests could begin in two to three years. But that depends on funding. The work was published in the journal Scientific Reports. HIV/AIDS has been a devastating disease since it was first discovered in the early 1980s. Since then, the World Health Organization says almost 78 million people have been infected with the HIV virus. About 39 million people have died of HIV/AIDS. At the end of 2013, 35 million people worldwide were living with HIV, according to the WHO. Sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected by the virus. Nearly 71 percent of people in the world who live with HIV are in Sub-Saharan Africa. And while the drug therapy can control the virus, not everyone infected can get or afford it. Also, some who take it report side effects. I’m Anne Ball.   Jessica Berman reported on this story for VOANews.com. Anne Ball adapted this story for Learning English. Kathleen Struck was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section and check out our Facebook page. ________________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   edit – v. to cut out; to change anti-retroviral – adj. acting, used, or effective against retroviruses, especially HIV undectable – adj. cannot be detected, or found immune system – n. the body’s system that fights infection eliminate – v. to end or remove something devastating - adj. causes great damage or destroys

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