Half-Eaten Shark Washes up on Florida Beach

This is What’s Trending Today. Last year, VOA Learning English wrote about a strange “Ice Monster” caught on video in Alaska. Many internet users thought a piece of frozen rope in a river was actually a monster, like the Loch Ness monster in Scotland. Now there is a new water-related mystery. Over the weekend, people on a Florida beach found a half-eaten shark. Officials in Volusia County said the shark was a blacktip or spinner shark, slightly less than two meters long. People are trying to figure out what took a bite out of the shark. The county is home to the well-known Daytona Beach and has a large number of shark reports each year. The Orlando Sentinel newspaper reported in late 2016 three surfers in the area suffered non-fatal shark bites on the same day. Florida wildlife officials say two large great white sharks were seen in the area this winter. The sharks were a little more than four meters long. Many news organizations posted about the shark discovery on Twitter. Some comments on the stories included: “just a reminder there is always someone bigger than you.”  The Florida Program for Shark Research is part of the University of Florida. In response to the story, the program said “it’s a shark-eat-shark world out there.”  One Twitter user wrote “megalodon got him!” Megalodon was a predecessor to today’s great white sharks, thought to have lived many millions of years ago. And that’s What’s Trending Today. I’m Dan Friedell.   Dan Friedell wrote this story for Learning English. Hai Do was the editor. What do you think bit the shark that washed up on the beach? Let us know in the comments section. _____________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   surfer – n. a person who rides ocean waves on a board predecessor – n. something that comes before something else fatal – adj. causing death

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Women Specialize in Computer Science at California School

  Women are under-represented in the technology industry around the world. At colleges and universities in the United States, women represent only one in six students of computer science. That number is changing at some schools, like Harvey Mudd College in Claremont, California. The school is a leader in getting women interested in technological professions.   At its robotics laboratory, a small robot performs the movements of tai chi, an ancient Chinese meditation exercise. Student Jane Wu writes commands from a nearby computer. With these commands, she is demonstrating a simple form of robotics and artificial intelligence. Wu is a third-year student in mathematics and computer science at the college.   She says she decided on a career in computer science after taking a robotics class called Autonomous Vehicles. In the class, she and other students built robots that can act on their own, without any human control.   “And, in that class, we got to make our own autonomous robots from scratch.”  Harvey Mudd College has just 800 students. It was named after a mining engineer who helped set up the school. It is part of a group of schools called The Claremont Colleges in the eastern part of Los Angeles. Ten years ago, the college re-created its computer science program to make it less difficult for students without much experience with computers. The effort has produced noticeable results: last year, more than half of the students who completed the program were women. Students are first placed in groups based on their knowledge of computers to reduce their fear of technology. Many of the students later find that computer science is “a beautiful intellectual discipline,” says professor Ran Libeskind-Hadas, but also a useful one. Taste of coding All Harvey Mudd students are required to take an introductory computer class. That class fueled the interest of Veronica Rivera, who is studying computer science and mathematics. “It was a very balanced class and I think the professors also do a very good job of making sure everyone feels welcome, regardless of their coding ability.” Rivera hopes to develop computer programs to help people who have difficulty moving parts of their bodies.     Women were well-known coders in the early days of computers when Grace Hopper helped invent programming languages. She later became a top official in the United States Navy. Jim Boerkoel is an assistant professor who supervises the robotics lab. He spoke to VOA about Grace Hopper. “So she [Hopper] is the original coder. It was only in later decades, the 1980s and 90s, that computer games and the idea of computer programming got heavily marketed toward boys rather than girls.” Women technologists At Harvey Mudd, some women who come to study engineering rediscover programming. Each year, many attend what is said to be the world’s largest conference of women technologists. It is called the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing. Emilia Reed is a computer science student at Harvey Mudd. “With coding, I can just have my computer, have some programming language I’m working in, and I can make almost whatever I want.” Reed is helping create computer apps to increase the productivity of workers and students. Internship programs are part of the training. Samantha Andow, a third-year student, is making plans to serve as an intern at Microsoft Corporation in the state of Washington. “I’m really excited to see all the problems that computer science is working on right now.” Maria Klawe is president of Harvey Mudd College. She says computers are important to all areas of life, and the technology industry needs the best and the smartest. “If we don’t manage to get a more diverse community into technology,” she said, “we’re not going to get as good solutions, as much progress as we need on the problems facing the world,” whether it is climate change or education, health care. Klawe says today’s issues need the creativity that diversity brings, and that the field needs more women and minorities as future programmers. Both groups do not have enough representation in the technology industry, she says. ​I’m Bryan Lynn. And I’m Alice Bryant.   Mike O’Sullivan reported this story for VOA News. Alice Bryant adapted his report for Learning English. George Grow was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section. ________________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   meditation - n. the act or process of spending time in quiet thought; the act or process of meditating artificial intelligence - n. an area of computer science that deals with giving machines the ability to seem like they have human intelligence regardless - adv. without being stopped by difficulty or trouble coder - n. a computer programmer app - n. a computer program that performs a special function internship - n. a job for a student or recent graduate who works for a period of time at a company or organization to gain experience diverse - adj. different from each other discipline - n. the suppression or control of desires introductory - adj. of or related to the beginning of something

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Proposed Museum Would Help People Remember Slavery

  In 1991, workers in New York City made a troubling discovery. They found human bones. After examinations by experts, the remains were found to be of African-Americans, some of whom had been slaves. They had been buried in the 17th and 18th centuries. Now, members of Congress from the state of New York want a museum and education center built. They want to help people remember and learn about a very dark period in American history. The congressional members estimate that 20,000 people -- men, women and children -- were buried at the place in the lower part of the New York City borough of Manhattan. After the discovery of the remains, the burial ground was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993.  A monument was created in 2006 and later a visitor’s center opened. But supporters of the bill to build a museum and education center say more needs to be done so Americans will never forget about slavery. It was a period when people were shipped from Africa against their will, bought and sold, and made to work without pay. Many were separated from their families. “Their contributions to America in the face of great injustice and persecution should not be forgotten,” said Senator Kirsten Gillibrand, a Democrat from New York.   Congressman Adriano Espaillat, another New York Democrat, agreed. “It has been nearly 400 years since the first African slaves were brought to the United States, marking the beginning of one of the darkest periods of our nation’s history,” he said. Creating a museum and education center, Espaillat said, is a great way to examine the “suffering and injustice slavery” created throughout America.   Michael Blakey is a physical anthropologist at William & Mary College in Virginia. He examined some of the skeletal remains that were found at the burial area. In an interview with Archaeology Magazine online, he said that many people are troubled by human remains. But he said they can provide important information about the people who were buried, including the countries they came from. “In the proper context, science can give the public a chance to get close to these people,” he told the magazine. “They stir things in us -- many different feelings at once.” I’m Bruce Alpert.   Bruce Alpert reported on this story for VOA Learning English.  Mario Ritter was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section and share your views on our Facebook Page. _______________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   museum - n. a building in which interesting and valuable things such as paintings, scientific or historical objects are collected and shown to the public borough - n. part of a large city with its own government -- New York City has five boroughs monument - n. a building or statue that honors a person or event contribution - n. something given to benefit somebody or something persecution - n. to treat someone cruelly or unfairly especially because of race, religious or political beliefs anthropologist --n. the study of human races, origins, societies, and cultures context –n. the conditions that affected something that happened stir - v. to cause an emotion or reaction  

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Computer Data and the Business of Mind-Reading

  Big data is having an increasing effect on the way we live.   Big data can be defined as information that is too big or complex to be contained or processed by any one machine or person. It can include which comments, photographs or stories you “like” on Facebook’s website. It also includes seemingly harmless personal information that political campaigns use to reach voters. The presidential election campaign of Donald Trump used big data to reach American voters who normally would not share their opinions with others. It also helped organizers of the campaign to end Britain’s membership in the European Union, known as Brexit. Finding out more about people John Kreisa works in London for Hortonworks, a computer software company that started in California. He says there are lots of ways to measure a person’s feelings. “One probably very obvious one is things like Twitter,” he says. “Social media, in general, is a way that people express themselves and express a like or dislike...” By themselves, the trillions of bits of information would just be a collection of countless facts, many of which are considered worthless. But add the power of the human mind and it is a different story. As a student at the University of Sussex, Julian Dailly had two majors -- English and philosophy. When he completed his studies, Dailly wondered how he would ever earn a living in a world filled with machines and technology. Now, he is part of an industry that includes Google and Facebook. It is so large no one seems able to estimate its worth. Predicting what people will do Dailly’s research company, Morar Consulting, started three years ago with five employees. The company’s earnings have increased by 25 percent each year. It now employs 90 people. “What we ultimately do here is we try to discover what’s meaningful for people and we correlate that to their economic behavior,” Dailly said. He noted the importance of working with people with different skills.  “We have people from traditional research backgrounds, in addition to some in social sciences, economics, people from tech backgrounds, and sales people,” Dailly said. Companies like Dailly’s employ recent college graduates. The industry profits from the ideas of these young men and women. New forms of data also make it possible for some observers to predict the future. They are more valuable to companies and campaigns than the traditional forms of recordkeeping, recording, or reporting data. “We have access to the core information inside people’s heads,” Dailly said. “They tell you what people are going to do as opposed to what they’ve done. That helps people take preemptive action. This makes it much more useful for strategy.” Brexit, Trump and Clinton used this new data The presidential election campaigns of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump both used big data last year. Trump’s aides employed a London-based company called Cambridge Analytica. It used a method known as “psychographs.” This method uses information about a person’s behavior to influence their decisions. Cambridge Analytica also provided its services to the Brexit campaign. Both the Trump and the Brexit campaigns were accused of xenophobia, an issue many people did not to discuss. Xenophobia is defined as the fear or hatred of foreigners. For both Trump and Brexit, opinion polls had predicted election-day losses. But their victories depended on voters who had remained quiet during the campaign. Those voters may have refused to publicly state their opinions out of concern of being labeled racist. Big Data beat the polls Opinion surveys did not tell the truth, but big data did. Big data lets you document certain behavior and what people like, says Tamara Chehayeb. She works at Scott Logic, a British company that advises software developers. “Let’s say...if you publish certain articles, follow certain people,” she noted. “That could give them (campaign aides) an indicator about your views and based on that they could get a better indication about how likely you are to vote for someone or something.” The possibility of having businesses read minds is frightening for some. And there has been pushback. Facebook, for example, has blocked the use of much of its informational content to non-users. The European Union has enacted some of the world’s strongest privacy protections. Many uses for Big Data Supporters of the industry are ready to show that big data is a force for good. Laurie Miles is director of analytics at SAS UK. The company assists the financial services company HSBC Bank. He says the ability to capture and process data in real time is important for protecting credit card users. Julian Dailly dismisses concerns that computers have finally taken control of our daily lives. “There is a moment of suspension of disbelief when we allow ourselves to believe that humans will be allowed to be replaced by machines. I think it’s a fantasy.” “But fundamentally, they (computers) will always be plugged into the wall. They can be turned off. With that in mind, humans will still remain in control.” I’m Kaveh Razaei. And I'm Lucija Millonig.   Luiz Ramirez reported on this story for VOANews.com. George Grow adapted his report for Learning English. Ashley Thompson was the editor. _____________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   bit – n. a piece of information correlate – v. to establish a relationship between two or more things indicator – n. a measure or sign view – n. opinion We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section.

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African Immigration to US Keeps Rising

The United States remains a popular destination for immigrants from Africa, according to the U.S.-based Pew Research Center. The number of African immigrants coming to the U.S. has more than doubled since 2000, Pew said in a new report. The organization said that as of 2015, 2.1 million African-born people were living in the United States. That number is up from 880,000 in 2000. Back in 1970, there were just 80,000. Monica Anderson is a research associate at Pew and the author of the study. She said one reason for the large increase is that many immigrants are refugees from Africa. She noted that in 1980, only 1 percent of refugees admitted to the United States were from Africa. Today, that share is about 37 percent.  “That is one major factor that is driving the growth of African immigrants, but it doesn't tell the entire story," Anderson told VOA in an interview. She said that over the years, certain U.S. areas have developed large, established populations for African immigrants. One of those is the Midwestern state of Minnesota. The state is home to about 25,000 people of Somali origin. This is about one-fifth of the whole foreign-born population of the state. “In different clusters in the U.S., African immigrants are really reshaping the immigrant population there,” Anderson said. Another example is the neighboring state of South Dakota, which has large refugee communities from Sudan, Somalia and Ethiopia. Overall, Africans make up about 15 percent of South Dakota’s foreign-born population, according to Pew. The top states where African immigrants live are Texas, New York, California and Maryland. African immigrants in the U.S. include tens of thousands of refugees from Somalia, Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Eritrea, Pew said. But it also includes highly-educated doctors, engineers and others seeking a better life in America. Randy Capps is the director of research for U.S. programs at the Migration Policy Institute. He said that as of 2013, 38 percent of sub-Saharan African immigrants had a bachelor's degree or higher, compared to 28 percent of all U.S. immigrants. But despite the increases, Africans still make up a relatively small amount of the total U.S. immigrant population. Capps said there are both historical and geographic reasons for this. “It's a long distance from Africa, and the number of people in Africa with sufficient incomes to migrate that far has been relatively small,” he said. He added that the path for legal African migration to the U.S. was not fully opened until the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act. The act, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson, removed immigration quota systems based on national identity. This allowed for immigrants of all nationalities to be accepted equally. The act also made it easier for skilled immigrants to migrate to the United States. I’m Bryan Lynn.   Salem Solomon wrote this story for VOA News. Bryan Lynn adapted it for VOA Learning English. Hai Do was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments section, and visit our Facebook page. ________________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   factor – n. something that affects a particular situation, event, etc. cluster – n. group of things or people that are close to each other quota – n. official limit on the amount of people allowed

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Let's Learn English Lesson 45 This Land is Your Land

Anna and Marsha have vacation at the same time. They are going to go on a "road trip" across the United States. Where will they go? Will they still be friends when the trip is finished?

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Making Ice Storms in a Lab

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Mediterranean Plants May Help Brain Diseases

  From VOA Learning English, this is the Health & Lifestyle report. In the future, chemicals from plants found in and around the Mediterranean may be used to help treat people with brain diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. These two diseases are age-related and neurodegenerative. Neurodegenerative relates to the degeneration of nervous tissue, especially the brain. People suffering from Alzheimer's and Parkinson's have deposits of sticky plaque in their brains. Over time, this plaque reduces brain function. Eventually, it causes death. Scientists say plaque can be reduced But scientists say the plaque deposits can be reduced with chemicals from plants, including prickly pear and brown seaweed. Scientists say the chemicals — or, extracts — appear to replace the harmful, sticky plaque with deposits that are less harmful. These scientists are researchers at the University of Malta and the National Center of Scientific Research at the University of Bordeaux. They tested the chemical extracts of the plants on a substance called Brewer's yeast. This yeast had plaque deposits similar to those seen in Alzheimer's disease. Scientists say the health of the yeast improved greatly after exposure to the chemical extracts. Researchers then tested the extracts in fruit flies that were genetically changed to develop symptoms of Alzheimer's. They found that when the flies were given brown seaweed extract, their lifespans increased by two days. Prickly pear helped the insects live four days longer. That may not sound like a long time. However, the researchers remind us that one day in the life of a fruit fly is equal to one human year.  Researchers also noted that movement in some diseased insects improved.   They reported their findings in the journal Neuroscience Letters. The best way to fight neurodegenerative diseases Researchers say that the sticky plaques in both Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases appear to form through the same biological pathways. Targeting these pathways, they say, is the best way to fight the diseases. The lead author of the study is Ruben Cauchi of the University of Malta's Center for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking. He says the Mediterranean plant extracts are already used in health foods and some cosmetics. So, they are very safe. The research team is working with a company that extracts the chemicals for commercial use as so-called "fountain of youth" products.   And that’s the Health & Lifestyle report. I’m Anna Matteo.   Jessica Berman wrote this report for VOA News. Anna Matteo adapted it for Learning English. Kelly Jean Kelly was the editor. Check your understanding of the story by taking this reading quiz. ________________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   neurodegenerative – adj. relating to or marked by degeneration of nervous tissue degeneration – n. deterioration of a tissue or an organ in which its function is diminished or its structure is impaired extract ­– n. a substance that you get from something by using a machine or chemicals deposit – n. an amount of something (such as sand, snow, or mud) that has formed or been left on a surface or area over a period of time Brewer’s yeast – n. a yeast used or suitable for use in brewing; also : the dried ground-up cells of such a yeast used as a source of the vitamin B complex plaque – n. medical : a change in brain tissue that occurs in Alzheimer's disease : medical : a harmful material that can form in arteries and be a cause of heart disease exposure – n. the fact or condition of being affected by something or experiencing something : the condition of being exposed to something extract ­– v. to get (a substance) from something by the use of a machine or chemicals

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N. Korea, Malaysia Disagree over Kim's Death

  Malaysia's Prime Minister Najib Razak said his government's investigation of the killing Kim Jong Nam will be "objective." Kim Jong Nam was the half-brother of the North Korean leader, Kim Jong Un. "We have no reason why we want to do something to paint North Korea in a bad light, but we will be objective," Najib told reporters on Monday in the Malaysian capital, Kuala Lumpur. Japanese broadcaster Fuji TV released video footage that appears to show Kim Jong Nam being attacked in Kuala Lumpur International airport last week. Two women, believed to be North Korean agents, participated in the attack; one of them appeared to put poison on Kim Jong Nam's face. Officials have not confirmed this footage. Tensions rise between Malaysia and North Korea Tensions have been rising between Malaysia and North Korea in the week following the killing.   Early on Monday, Malaysia recalled its representative in Pyongyang, the North Korean capital. Malaysia's foreign ministry said it had recalled its representative "for consultations." The North Korean ambassador in Kuala Lumpur raised doubts about Malaysia's impartiality. He said the man killed in Kuala Lumpur's airport was not Kim Jong Nam. North Korean officials have tried to prevent Malaysia from doing an autopsy. An autopsy is an examination of a dead body to find out the cause of death. Instead, North Korean officials have insisted that Malaysian authorities release the body to them. Malaysian authorities have said they will release the body to Kim Jong Nam's son, Kim Han Sol. Malaysian police said they were hunting for four North Koreans who fled the country the day of the attack. They have already detained several other suspects. Implications and consequences of the attack Malaysia is one of the few countries that maintain ties with North Korea, and this dispute could further isolate the country. Following the news of Kim Jong Nam's death, South Korea convened a meeting of its National Security Council. South Korea's Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn was nearly certain that North Korea was behind the killing. "The North Korean regime's terrorism tactics are getting bolder so we must be more vigilant," Hwang said. Kim Jong Nam had been living in Macau under Chinese protection. On Saturday, China announced that it had suspended all coal imports from North Korea, a vital source of revenue for the country. I'm John Russell.   Rozanna Latiff and Joseph Sipalan reported on this story for Reuters. John Russell adapted it for Learning English. Hai Do was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section. ________________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   objective – adj. based on facts rather than feelings or opinions to paint (someone ) in a bad light – idiom  to do something in a way that makes someone or something look bad consultation – n. a meeting in which someone (such as a doctor or lawyer) talks to a person about a problem, question, etc. impartiality – n. treating all people and groups equally autopsy – n. an examination of a dead body to find out the cause of death isolate – v.  to put or keep (someone or something) in a place or situation that is separate from others

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US Assures EU, Seeks ‘Common Ground with Russia”

Vice President Mike Pence says the United States will “continue to hold Russia accountable.” But he adds that President Donald Trump wants to find “new common ground with Russia.” Pence’s comments came Monday in Brussels, Belgium with European Union Council President Donald Tusk. “In the wake of Russian efforts to redraw international borders by force, we will continue to support efforts in Poland and the Baltic states through NATO’s enhanced forward presence initiative. And with regard to Ukraine, the United States will continue to hold Russia accountable and demand that Russia honor the Minsk agreements beginning by de-escalating the violence in eastern Ukraine." Vice President Pence did not provide any details about possible closer ties with Russia. He said that Trump believes they can be found. He said cooperation is needed to have free and fair economies, saying “strengthening our economic vitality will require hard but necessary choices.” US- EU relations Pence is on his first trip to Europe since taking office. There have been concerns about the new administration’s “America First” policy. The purpose of the trip is to let allies know that the U.S. remains a loyal friend. The vice president said he was speaking for Trump when he expressed U.S. commitment “to continued cooperation and partnership with the European Union.” "Whatever our differences, our two continents share the same heritage, the same values, and above all the same purpose, to promote peace and prosperity through freedom, democracy and the rule of law.  And to those objectives we will remain committed." Donald Tusk of the EU said Monday’s meeting was “truly needed.” He said that he heard from Pence words that are promising about the future, and explain the Trump administration’s views. Last month in interviews with two European newspapers, Trump said he thought other countries would follow Britain in leaving the EU. Tusk talked about the importance of the EU. He said "Americans know best what great value it is to be united." Earlier Monday Pence held talks with EU foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini. She said on Twitter the two had an "excellent meeting, good basis for our cooperation." Pence also met with NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg in the afternoon to close his European trip. The vice president expressed support for NATO at the alliance’s security conference in Munich last Saturday. His comments came after Trump’s campaign statements described NATO as “obsolete,” meaning no longer useful. "The United States of America strongly supports NATO and will be unwavering in our commitment to our transatlantic alliance," Pence said in his first major foreign policy address for the new administration. Pence, his wife, Karen, and daughter Charlotte visited the Dachau concentration camp memorial early Sunday. The camp was the first one established by the Nazi government in 1933 near Munich. It was where an estimated “countless thousands” Jews and other political prisoners  died or were killed.   I’m Anne Ball.   Anne Ball adapted this story for Learning English with material from VOA News reports.  Hai Do was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section and visit us on our Facebook page. ____________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   initiative – n. a plan or program that is intended to solve a problem de-escalate – v. to slow down or decrease vitality – n. lively or energetic quality necessary – adj. so important you must do it or have it, an absolute need unequivocal – adj. very strong and clear with no doubt unwavering – adj. continuing in a strong and steady way

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Poll Shows France’s Le Pen Gaining Support

  Marine Le Pen, the far-right nationalist leader, has gained more support in her campaign to become the next president of France. On Monday a poll showed her ahead of the other two major candidates. They are the centrist Emmanuel Macron and conservative Francois Fillon. But Le Pen could still lose the final May 7th election to either candidate. The Paris-based political research group Opinionway operated the study of French citizens’ opinions. The group asked people who they planned to vote for out of the five total candidates. If no candidate wins a majority of the votes on April 23, the two candidates with the most votes face each other again in May. The poll shows Le Pen winning 27 percent of the first vote; more than any other candidate, but not a majority. She would then likely face either Macron or Fillon in the next round. But against either candidate in May, Le Pen would likely lose. Macron would win 58 percent of the vote against her 42 percent. Fillon would win 56 percent to her 44. French investors are concerned with news of Le Pen’s lead in the poll. She has suggested France stop using the currency called the Euro and calls for a vote on leaving the European Union. She also suggested putting greater taxes on imported goods and contracts of foreign workers. I’m Pete Musto.   Simon Carraud, Yann Le Guerigou and Richard Balmforth reported this story for the Reuters news service. Pete Musto adapted it for VOA Learning English. Hai Do was the editor. We want to hear from you. Who do you think will become the next president of France? Why do you think that? Write to us in the Comments Section or on our Facebook page. ______________________________________________________________ Words in This Story far-right – adj. having or supporting ideas and policies that are associated with conservative groups nationalist – n. a supporter of or believer in a feeling that people have of being loyal to and proud of their country often with the belief that it is better and more important than other countries poll – n. an activity in which several or many people are asked a question or a series of questions in order to get information about what most people think about something centrist – n. a person whose political opinions are not extreme, falling between those of liberals and conservatives conservative – adj. believing in the value of established and traditional practices in politics and society currency – n. the money that a country uses

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