Too Many Tourists Are Visiting Cambodian ‘Killing Fields’

The number of tourists visiting Cambodia's genocide sites has more than tripled over the last 10 years. They are visiting memorials for the nearly 2 million people killed under Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge. But the sharp increase in tourism is creating problems. Visitors are disturbing some sites, and making preserving the memories difficult. Genocide tourism Choeung Ek is the best known of the genocide sites. It is also known as the Killing Fields. The site is located 17 kilometers south of Cambodia’s capital city, Phnom Penh. Each day, tourists arrive by tuk-tuk (a three-wheeled taxi), motorbike and air-conditioned buses. Chhour Sokty is director at Choeung Ek. He said that in the 11 years he has been working there, the number of visitors has increased from 100 to 800 a day. He believes media promotions, road improvements, and additions such as public toilets are helping bring more people to the site. The place is not a happy one. Human skulls are stacked neatly in a stupa, a round-shaped monument. They are surrounded by mass graves. Here, thousands of people were beat to death and buried. They were all victims of the 1975-1979 mass killings by Pol Pot's men. Kob Kalyaney works for a private tour agency that brings people to the Killing Fields. She said, "Tourists want to learn if the history is real and they want to witness it." There are hundreds of sites across Cambodia like Choeung Ek. The difference is that here, and at the S-21 extermination camp in Phnom Penh, people pay to enter. The cost helps bring income for people such as book sellers, street vendors, tuk-tuk drivers, tour companies and even beggars. Leaving a mark Unfortunately, too many tourists have left their mark. Some tourists write graffiti on prison walls at S-21 in Phnom Penh. This is the site of the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, where Pol Pot's victims were processed before being sent to the Killing Fields. At S-21 visitors can see buildings, prison cells and graphic displays of paintings and photographs, along with tools of torture. At Choeung Ek, some people innocently tie ribbons and notes to the mass graves. But others collect pieces of bones, smoke cigarettes, or eat on the steps of the bone-filled stupa. Many ignore rules restricting cameras and asking for silence. Youk Chhang is the executive director of the Documentation Centre of Cambodia (DC-Cam). He said one reason people behave inappropriately at the sites is because they do not know the rules. But he added that photos of Khmer Rouge leaders often had to be replaced because visitors would write graffiti on them. "People get so upset when they see the photographs of the Khmer Rouge leaders so they write on it... I think that it can be bad, it can be good," he said. "You cannot stop people from being, or feeling upset." He added that neither Choeung Ek nor S-21 were designed to be businesses run for profit. "We should preserve for our children, not for the tourists. But tourists are welcome if they want to visit, if they want to see it, (if) they want to understand it, they're welcome. That's the whole purpose of the preservation of the site," he said. Evidence and a sanctuary The genocide sites are not only important for students and visitors, however. The Khmer Rouge Tribunal is using the bones and human remains as evidence.  The Tribunal has spent the last decade prosecuting Pol Pot's surviving lieutenants. It has secured three convictions so far for crimes against humanity. Currently, two former leaders, Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan, are on trial for genocide. More cases involving lower ranking members are still waiting. One remaining question is what to do with the human remains after the tribunal is finished. Many people believe the bones should be cremated according to Buddhist tradition. But others say the sites should be kept as they are. "It's our memory, it should be preserved the way it is, historically, and with respect to our culture, rather than try to create something to attract tourists that's leading to commercializing the memory, which is something that you do not want to do," Youk Chhang of DC-Cam said. Youk Chang said the prison originally had a large wall map of Cambodia made of human skulls. He said it was far more intense than the current experience. "And that itself also creates a feeling … it forces people to show some respect, because it is so original," he said. Some have suggested adding a guest book in each room at the S-21 prison where people can think and write about their experiences. But any change would be limited, and any major work delayed, until after the Khmer Rouge Tribunal has finished its work. I’m Phil Dierking. And I'm Alice Bryant.   This story was originally written by Marcia Dunn for the Associated Press.   Phil Dierking adapted this story for VOA Learning English. Kelly Jean Kelly was the editor. What do you think the best way to preserve a memorial is?  We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section or on our Facebook page. ______________________________________________________________ Words in This Story commercialism - n. the attitude or actions of people who are influenced too strongly by the desire to earn money or buy goods rather than by other values​ convictions - n. the act of proving that a person is guilty of a crime in a court of law​ cremated - v. when the body of someone who has died is burned to ash extermination - n. to destroy or kill a group of animals, people, completely​ graffiti - n. pictures or words painted or drawn on a wall, building, etc.​ graphic - adj. shown or described in a very clear way — used especially to refer to things that are unpleasant or shocking​ prosecute - v. to hold a trial against a person who is accused of a crime to see if that person is guilty​ preserved - v. kept in good condition over a long period of time​

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April 7, 2017

A look at the best news photos from around the world.

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English @ the Movies: 'I'm Really Freaking Out'

Our phrase today on English @ the Movies is “I’m really freaking out” from the film “Smurfs: The Lost Village.” It is based on The Smurfs, a series about a group of small, blue creatures. Do you know what "I'm really freaking out" means? Watch our video, take the quiz, and see if you got it right!

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US presidents 08 Martin Van Buren

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Philippine President Orders Military to Seize Islands in South China Sea

  Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte has ordered troops to seize and occupy unpopulated islands that his country claims in the South China Sea. Duterte said that he may visit a Philippine-controlled island in the sea to raise the national flag. “The unoccupied, which are ours, let’s live on it,” Duterte told reporters Thursday during a visit to a military camp in Palawan, near the disputed waters. "It looks like everyone is making a grab for the islands there,” he continued. “So we better live on those that are still unoccupied. What's ours now, we claim it and make a strong point from there." Duterte’s plan is likely to anger Chinese officials. China claims almost all of the South China Sea. China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Brunei and Vietnam claim all or parts of the sea. This has led to disputes between China and some of its neighbors. Each year, an estimated five trillion dollars in trade passes through the waterway. Duterte’s comments came just before the opening of talks between the presidents of China and the United States. The two leaders, Xi Jinping and Donald Trump, are meeting in Florida. China's claims in the South China Sea were to be among the issues discussed. The U.S. State Department did not comment on Duterte's comments. However, in the past it has urged countries with competing claims in the area to reduce tensions and find a solution to their differences. Duterte announced his "separation" from the United States in October 2016. He also said the Philippines and China had agreed to work together. The two nations agreed to resolve their South China Sea dispute through talks.   Duterte's efforts to work with China marked a major change in foreign policy. The Philippines occupies nine "features," or islands and coral reefs, in the South China Sea. They include a World War 2 transport ship that struck a shoal in the late 1990s. Bonnie Glaser is an Asia expert at Washington’s Center for Strategic and International Studies. She compared the Philippine leader’s latest comments to statements he made as a presidential candidate. Duterte once joked that he would ride a jet ski to a Chinese man-made island in the South China Sea to strengthen his country’s claim to the territory. Glaser told Reuters news agency that “Duterte seems to be under great domestic pressure and criticism” on issues connected to the South China Sea. She said his comments may have been driven by Philippine politics, not international politics. Duterte also said he might visit Thitu, the largest of the Philippine-controlled islands in the Spratly archipelago. He said he would build housing for servicemen operating in the area. Thitu is close to Subi Reef. Subi is one of seven man-made islands in the Spratlys that China is accused of developing for its forces. Duterte said last month there was no good reason to dispute China's activities on the man-made islands. He also made fun of the media for taking his jet-ski comments seriously. “We cannot stop them because they are building it with their mind fixed that they own the place. China will go to war," he said. I’m Caty Weaver. Reporter Manuel Mogato in Manila wrote this story for the Reuters news agency. Ashley Thompson adapted his report for VOA Learning English. George Grow was the editor. ___________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   grab - n. the act of taking something in a forceful or illegal way shoal - n. a small, raised area of sand just below the surface of the water jet ski - n. ​a small and fast vehicle that is used on water and carries one or two people​ archipelago - n. a group of islands

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Using Discourse Markers in American English

Imagine you are watching an old American movie -- the crime film “Dirty Harry.” You have heard that one part of the film is very famous in American culture. You watch the scene, which sounds like this: You go to ask yourself one question: Do I feel lucky? Well, do you, punk? A sudden, strange thought comes to your mind. What is the purpose of the word well? You have heard different English speakers use the word in different ways, but you are not sure what it means. In our Everyday Grammar report, we will explore the common adverb well. We will show you how Americans use it while they are speaking. Do not fear. Unlike an unexpected meeting with Dirty Harry, this report will be painless! What are adverbs? Adverbs are one of the most difficult subjects in English grammar. They are difficult because they represent a large group of words that have different uses. In general, the definition of an adverb is this: a word that describes a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a sentence. Adverbs are often used to show time, place or a way of doing things. They can also show a degree or measurement of something. Consider the sentence, "I really like English grammar." The adverb really changes the meaning of the verb like. The adverb really increases the force of the statement. There are also sentence adverbs. They limit or describe the meaning of an entire statement. Sentence adverbs also provide more information about the sentence. These are sometimes called conjunctive adverbs or discourse markers. Regardless of the name you choose to call them, the purpose is the same: They connect sentences in the same way coordinating conjunctions do, but they provide a different kind of information. Here is an example. Let’s consider the statement: "I love English; however, I do not love English grammar!" The word however is a conjunctive adverb that shows a contrast or comparison is coming. You can read more about words like these in an earlier Everyday Grammar story called "Contrast and Concession." The case of "well" Today we are considering common conjunctive adverbs, or discourse markers, and how they are used in everyday-speech. Let’s go back to the word well. As you heard at the beginning of today's program, well can have a few different uses. 1.  Well indicates contrast or disagreement The first use is to show a contrast or even a disagreement. Consider this line from the ending of the American film “Some Like It Hot.” "You don't understand, Osgood! I'm a man." "Well, nobody's perfect..." Here, the speaker uses well to show that a contrast is coming. The first speaker, the actor Jack Lemmon, expects the second person to become angry when he states he is not a woman, but a man. But Osgood reacts in an unexpected, or contrasting way. He does not act surprised at all! 2.  Wells shows uncertainty   The second use of well is to show uncertainty, especially in answers. Consider this exchange between two friends. "Do you mind if I borrow five dollars? Well, I'm not sure if I have any money with me..." In this example, the second speaker is a little slow in responding. The word well shows that she is not sure if she has the money. Or, maybe she knows she has five dollars, but she does not want to say so. Whatever the case, the point is that well serves as a word that shows movement between the question and the answer. This transition shows that there is some uncertainty. 3.  To show a conversation is ending The third common use of well is to show a transition to the end of a conversation. Consider this example. Imagine you are in a business meeting, and your boss makes the following statement: "Well, this meeting has been very productive." In this case, the word well is showing a transition to the end of the meeting. Your boss is showing that he wants the meeting to end soon. In American culture, this is considered a careful, indirect way to end a conversation. However, if a speaker directs your attention to the word "well," then the meaning changes. The statement can take on an angry, tense sound. Consider the difference between these two statements: "Well, this meeting has been very productive." "WELL, this meeting has been very productive." The first statement is a respectful way to end a meeting. The second statement is a tense, perhaps angry way to bring a meeting to an end. If you heard the second statement in a business meeting, then you should know that something is wrong! Do you understand the uses of well? Think back to the movie scene you heard at the beginning of this report. Now that you have learned about the word well, consider what Dirty Harry might have meant. Like any good crime film, we end with a few questions. What do you think Dirty Harry meant when he said well? Does he use it in a way that has the same meaning as the uses of well we have discussed, or does he use it in a different way? Leave your answers in the Comments Section on our website, learningenglish.voanews.com, or on our Facebook page. Well, I guess that is all for today's program. Until next time! I'm John Russell. And I'm Alice Bryant.   John Russell wrote this story for Learning English. George Grow was the editor. ________________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   scene – n. a part of a play, movie, story, etc., in which a particular action or activity occurs adverb – n. a word that describes a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a sentence and that is often used to show time, manner, place, or degree conjunctive adverb – n. a conjunction that connects two sentences with an adverbial emphasis coordinating conjunction – n. a conjunction (such as and, or, or but) that joins together words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance contrast – n. to be different especially in a way that is very obvious uncertainty – n. the quality or state of being uncertain degree – n. a step in a process or order of classification regardless – adv. without being stopped by difficulty or trouble transition – n. passage from one subject or place to another  

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Smithsonian Releases Video of Baby Cheetahs

This is What’s Trending Today. The National Zoo in Washington, D.C. has a lot of cute animals. The giant pandas from China are among the zoo’s most popular animals. They receive thousands of visitors every year. Many people were sad when Bao Bao, one of the most well-known pandas, left for China in February. But there are other pandas living in Washington, and many other cute animals. The National Zoological Park is part of the world-famous Smithsonian Institution. This week, Smithsonian officials announced that 12 cheetahs were born last month at the zoo’s research center in Virginia. They were born to two adult cheetahs, named Miti and Happy. Miti actually had seven cubs, but two did not survive. Each mother now has two male and three female cubs. The Smithsonian’s Conservation Biology Institute in Virginia is not caring for cheetahs as a way to guarantee the arrival of more cute animals. The institute’s researchers are hoping to diversify the genetic code of cheetahs. The Cheetah Conservation Fund and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature say a large number of cheetahs died about 10,000 years ago. Those that survived eventually helped the population recover. But that caused what scientists call “a population bottleneck.” Of all the cheetahs alive today, many have the same or similar genetic qualities. That means many of the cheetahs suffer from the same problems. If there is a disease that spreads among the animals, many may die. That is why the Smithsonian and other organizations are breeding cheetahs. They are choosing mates with diverse genes. The effort is part of the Cheetah Species Survival Plan from the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. The zoo released a video of the 10 surviving cubs. Some were lying next to each other and breathing loudly. They have light faces with dark markings. The fur covering their small bodies is a mixture of light brown and dark brown, and it looks soft. The cubs will visit an animal doctor for the first time in just a few weeks. Until then, scientists are using a camera to observe their condition. Many people were excited to see them. On Twitter, the cheetah cubs were called “adorable,” “awesome,” and “little cutie-pies.” Cheetahs are also making news in Australia. A week earlier, five other cheetah cubs were born at a zoo near Adelaide. And that’s What’s Trending Today. I’m Dan Friedell.   Dan Friedell adapted this story for Learning English based on reports from the Smithsonian. George Grow was the editor. What do you think of the new cheetahs? We want to know. Write to us in the Comments Section or on our Facebook page. _____________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   cute – adj. having a pleasing and usually youthful appearance attraction – n. something interesting or enjoyable that people want to visit, see, or do diversity – n. the quality or state of having many different forms, types, ideas, etc. conservation – n. the protection of animals, plants, and natural resources bottleneck – n. a section of road or highway where the traffic moves very slowly characteristic – adj. the special qualities or traits of a person, thing, or group breed – v. to keep and take care of animals or plants in order to produce more animals or plants of a particular kind     species – n. a group of animals or plants that are similar and can produce young animals or plants huddle – v. to come close together in a group adorable – adj. very appealing or attractive : very lovable cutiepie – n. an attractive person : cutie — often used as an informal way of addressing a lover, a small child, etc. genetic code – n. the rules or structures relating to genes passed along from previous generations

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Brexit Raises Tension over Gibraltar's Future

Britain officially informed the European Union (EU) of its plans to leave the group last week. The move came at a time when Britain is involved in a heated dispute with the EU and Spain over the future of the British territory of Gibraltar. Many people think of Gibraltar as just a mountainous piece of land on Spain’s southern coast. For years, it has been known as "The Rock." Once part of Spain, Anglo-Dutch forces captured Gibraltar during the War of Spanish Succession in the early 1700s. Spain’s rulers gave Britain control of the area in the Treaty of Utrecht. The Rock has been a source of tension ever since. Last week, the European Union published guidelines for negotiations between EU and British officials. The document states that any deal between the two sides won’t affect Gibraltar, unless Spain agrees to it. The EU’s inclusion of Gibraltar angered many British lawmakers, but there is little they can do. That is the opinion of Andrew Canessa, a Gibraltar expert at the University of Essex. "Now that the UK (United Kingdom) is not in the EU … the EU will now defend its members' interests," he said. "And in this case, the members' interests are Spain. And so Britain really doesn't have much of a way into that discussion." Last weekend, Britain held events to mark the 35th anniversary of the Falklands War. In 1982, Britain, under then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, fought off an Argentine invasion of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic. To Argentinians, the islands are known as the Malvinas. Michael Howard is a former leader of Britain’s Conservative Party. During the anniversary events, he said current Prime Minister Theresa May is prepared for a fight over Gibraltar. "Thirty-five years ago this week, another woman prime minister sent a task force halfway across the world to defend the freedom of another small group of British people against another Spanish-speaking country, and I'm absolutely certain that our current prime minister will show the same resolve in standing by the people of Gibraltar," Howard said. Yet on Monday, Prime Minister May chose calmer words to describe the situation. She told reporters, "What we are doing, with all EU countries in the EU is sitting down and talking to them." May added that British policy on Gibraltar would not change. Spain's Foreign Minister Alfonso Dastis expressed surprise at the comments from Britain. "Bringing into the debate events from the past like the Malvinas Islands is completely out of context,” he said. “Someone in the United Kingdom is losing their calm, and there is no reason for doing that." The future of Gibraltar's 30,000 occupants is not clear. Ninety-six percent voted to stay in the European Union in Britain’s vote on EU membership last June. The economy of Gibraltar is mainly financial services and the gambling industry. The economy depends on membership in the EU’s Single Market. "It's not so much that Spain will take Gibraltar over, or have a much more serious threat on British sovereignty in Gibraltar, but rather that the economic basis of Gibraltar is threatened," says Andrew Canessa. Spain created another problem for Britain on Monday by suggesting it would not veto any effort by an independent Scotland to join the European Union. This raises the possibility that Britain could split after it cuts ties with the EU. In the past, Spain had been opposed to Scottish EU membership. Spain feared that such a move would aid Catalonian separatists in the north of Spain to separate as well. They will be holding their own independence vote by October. I’m Phil Dierking.   Henry Ridgwell wrote this story for VOAnews.com.  Phil Dierking adapted his report for Learning English. George Grow was the editor. Do you think Gibraltar should stay with England or stay in the European Union?  We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section or on our Facebook page. _____________________________________________________ Words in This Story guidelines – n. rules or orders that explains how something should be done gambling - n. the practice of risking money in a game or bet​ sovereignty – n. self-rule; controlling influence; freedom from outside influences source – n. cause; root absolutely – adj. completely or totally resolve – n. a set purpose; something that is resolved or settled    

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Turkey Targets Social Media Users Ahead of Referendum

In less than two weeks, Turkish voters will decide whether to extend the powers of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan. The constitutional referendum is set for April 16.   Public opinion studies show the vote will be close. Most television news channels in Turkey broadcast at least three campaign speeches a day in support of a "Yes" vote on the presidential powers issue. The so-called "No" campaign gets only about 10 percent of the air time that the “Yes” vote gets. So, the “no” campaign is turning increasingly to social media. But that comes with risks. Rights groups say prosecutors are targeting people who use social media to help the “no” campaign gain strength. Ali Gul is a law student in Turkey. He made an internet video that explained why people should vote “no.” The humorous video told of the dangers of putting too much power into one person’s hands. At the end of the video, Gul asked, “Will I get arrested if this video is popular?” Gul’s video spread quickly on social media. Days later, he published another video. In it, he said he knew he would be soon be arrested. “But it is not important, I am not afraid,” he said. “The children and youth of this nation deserve freedom and happiness — and not fear, imprisonment and death." Gul was later arrested but, apparently, not for the video. He was detained instead for Twitter messages the government says he wrote. The two-year-old tweets were considered insulting to the president -- a crime punishable by three years in jail. Gul denies writing the tweets. But his lawyers say he is likely to remain detained for many months as he waits for a trial. Gul is not alone. In the past six months, more than 2,500 people have been accused of insulting the president online. Observers say such risks are likely to remain as the “power bill” campaign comes to an end. I’m Ashley Thompson.   Dorian Jones reported this story for VOA News from Istanbul. Ashley Thompson adapted it for Learning English. Caty Weaver was the editor. ______________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   referendum - n. an event in which the people of a county, state, etc., vote for or against a law that deals with a specific issue : a public vote on a particular issue channel - n. a television or radio station prosecutor - n. a lawyer who represents the side in a court case that accuses a person of a crime and who tries to prove that the person is guilty

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Congressman Steps Down from Trump-Russian Investigation

The congressman leading an investigation into reported Russian interference with last year’s presidential election has temporarily stepped down from the investigation. Congressman Devin Nunes, a California Republican, said his decision follows the announcement of an investigation Thursday by the House Committee on Ethics. The committee is looking into whether Nunes gave out classified information. Nunes called the charge “entirely false” and said it came from liberal activists. Democrats have been asking Nunes to give up the chair of the House investigation into Russian interference. They are angry that he went to the White House on March 22 to give information to President Donald Trump. He told Trump that American intelligence agencies had recorded discussions by Trump aides. The information from Nunes led Trump to say he felt “somewhat” vindicated about his claim that he had been wiretapped by former President Barack Obama. Democrats objected that Nunes gave the information to the president and reporters before telling members of the House Intelligence Committee. They said the information came from the president’s own staff. And the information did not support Trump’s claims he had been wiretapped by President Obama. Replacing Nunes as leader of the House Russia investigation will be Congressman Mike Conaway of Texas. Like Nunes, Conaway is a Republican. The investigation centers on reports from U.S. intelligence officials that Russia hacked into Democratic Party computers and released information to hurt Hillary Clinton’s presidential campaign. Several people in President Trump’s administration and his campaign have faced questions about their Russian ties. Michael Flynn ​ Michael Flynn was Trump’s national security adviser. He was fired after 23 days for misleading Vice President Mike Pence. Officials said Flynn had discussed sanctions with the Russian ambassador but he told the vice president that he had not. Flynn has offered to talk to congressional committees in return for immunity. Immunity means a person cannot be charged with a crime for anything he says to Congress -- while under immunity. Paul Manafort ​ Paul Manafort is a longtime Republican adviser who served as campaign manager for the Trump campaign. He stepped down three months before the election after questions were raised about his work for pro-Russian interests, particularly in Ukraine. Jared Kushner                                                                                                                                    Jared Kushner is President Trump’s son-in-law, and an important White House adviser. He agreed to talk to Senate investigators. He is likely to be questioned about his meeting with a Russian banker connected to Russian President Vladimir Putin. Jeff Sessions ​ Jeff Sessions was an early supporter of Trump’s presidential campaign. He was selected by Trump to be attorney general -- the top federal law enforcement job. Sessions announced he will not oversee the federal government’s Russia investigation. He made the announcement after admitting that he failed to tell senators considering his nomination for attorney general about a meeting with the Russian ambassador. Roger Stone Roger Stone is described as a long-time friend of President Trump. During the 2016 presidential campaign, he predicted correctly that WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange would release documents that would hurt Democrats. I’m Mario Ritter.   Bruce Alpert reported on this story for VOA Learning English based on reports by the Associated Press, Reuters and other sources. Hai Do was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section and share your views on our Facebook Page. _________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   classified - adj. information that is supposed to be secret vindicate - v. to show someone who has been criticized or doubted is correct wiretap - v. a device that allows someone to secretly listen to phone conversations replace - v. to take over a job from another person hack - v. to secretly get access to the files on a computer or network in order to get information sanctions - n. an action that is taken or an order that is given to force a country to obey international laws by limiting or stopping trade with that country particularly - adv. more than usually

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April 6, 2017

A look at the best news photos from around the world.

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