Psychologist Researches Mass Killers

  Once again someone has carried out a deadly mass shooting. On Sunday night in Las Vegas, Nevada, a man opened fire from high above a huge crowd at an outdoor music show. At least 58 people were killed and more than 500 injured. It is the worst mass shooting in American history. Police say the shooter was Stephen Paddock, a 64-year-old man from Mesquite, a small town in Nevada, about 180 kilometers from Las Vegas. They say he killed himself in the hotel room from which he attacked the crowd. More than 20 firearms were found in the hotelroom, on the 32nd floor of the Mandalay Bay Resort. Others were found at his home in Mesquite, Nevada. Police say he checked in to the hotel Thursday. ​ Investigators have not discovered why the shooter attacked. Police said Paddock did not have a criminal history; the FBI said he had no connection to any international terrorist group.  Paddock’s neighbors in Mesquite said he was retired. They said he​ gambled often. He lived with his girlfriend, Marilou Danley. His brother Eric Paddock of Florida expressed shock. He said his brother was a former accountant and a wealthy man. He said he did not believe his brothr was a member of any political or religious groups, had any ties to white supremacists or a history of mental problems. Eric Paddock said, “Where the hell did he get automatic weapons? He’s a guy who lived in a house in Mesquite and drove down and gambled in Las Vegas.” Experts say the number of mass killings has tripled in the past few years. In the United States, most of the deaths in such incidents are from gunfire. Psychologists have studied the killings and have created a profile of the kinds of people who do them. Psychologist J. Reid Meloy is such a researcher. VOA spoke to him after a mass killing. "We find that these individuals typically have more in common than they do in terms of differences." He said the killers are mostly men. They usually have a history of mental problems. Their relationships are often unstable. Meloy said the killers are often searching for fame. He said normally they have not acted in support of a cause even when they claim that to be the reason for their attack. “Oftentimes the pathway to violence begins with a personal grievance,” Meloy said. “And that grievance, is typically has three components to it: One is there’s some kind of loss; secondly there’s the feeling of humiliation; then thirdly, there’s anger toward and blaming of a person or a group of people that have caused them to have this problem.” There is another reason mass killings happen: unstable people are able to get weapons. Experts say social media may also add to the urge to kill. Reports of mass attacks quickly spread on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and other social media platforms. Today that is often how many people learn about major events, including information about friends who die in mass killings. Meloy said social media makes killers famous. When others who are unstable and in search of fame see this they may decide to imitate the acts of the killer so that they, too, can be famous. Meloy also said he believed there would be more mass killings. I’m Caty Weaver. This story was reported by Correspondents Carol Pearson and Victoria Macchi in Washington. Christopher Jones-Cruise adapted their reporting for Learning English. Caty Weaver was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section, or visit our Facebook page. _______________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   gamble – v. to play a game in which you can win or lose money or possessions; to bet money or other valuable things triple – adj. three times bigger in size or amount profile – n. a brief written description that provides information about someone or something grievance – n. a feeling of having been treated unfairly component – n. one of the parts of something (such as a system or mixture); an important piece of something humiliate – v. to make (someone) feel very ashamed or foolish imitate – v. to make or do something the same way as (something else)

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Preparing Students for Changing Job Markets

  Chances are that today’s college graduates will get jobs not directly connected to their majors. A 2014 study by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York found that only 27 percent of graduates from four-year colleges were working in jobs connected to their college majors. North Carolina State University is trying to help students face the likelihood that their future jobs will not connect directly to their majors. This fall, the university is offering two days of workshops to help 30 juniors and seniors “design their lives.” School officials were inspired by a popular class at the Design School at Stanford University in California. The Stanford class helps students prepare for the future. Among other things, the Stanford professors say they provide “ideas for what the world needs more of.” At North Carolina State, three college deans will teach the workshops. All offer expertise in different fields – Jeff Braden in humanities, Annette Ranft in business management, and Mark Hoverstein in design. Braden said he hopes students who take the workshops will feel better about themselves. “I would say first don’t worry that you don’t have everything that other people seem to have. I think that there is a real tendency among people of our undergraduates’ generation to think everyone else has it all figured out and they don’t.” One reason that young people think others are doing better than they are is social media, Braden said. “On Facebook, you only see what I put up there. You don’t see all the private things.” As to advice to students about where the jobs will be, Braden suggests looking toward work that cannot be done by machines or computers. He also suggests jobs that deal with questions that are a “little fuzzy” to figure out. By fuzzy, he means that finding solutions to problems is not always clear, or when there is more than one possible answer. Ranft, the North Carolina State management dean, said students should also think beyond their first jobs after college. She hopes students will look toward “lifelong professional goals.” Unlike their grandparents, today’s college graduates are not likely to stay in a job for their entire lives, or even more than five years. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median number of years that workers stay on a job was 4.2 years in January 2016. That was down from 4.6 years in 2014. “The days of someone working at the same job for his or her entire life are over,” Braden said. What about Liberal Arts majors? Liberal arts is an area of study that includes literature, psychology, political science, philosophy, sociology and other subjects, including performing arts. Some believe that liberal arts majors will have a hard time finding a job after college -- given the importance of technology. Not so, says a report by the jobs website Monster.com It says that liberal arts majors bring skills to jobs in technology, marketing and business operations among others. “That's because your studies have taught you how to think critically, research thoroughly, and write well—all of which are skills any employer will value,” the Monster.com report said. Braden said that he hears from parents who are worried about their students majoring in liberal arts or humanities. But he recalls asking one of the worried parents what they majored in in college. ”I majored in English, but now I’m in sales,” the parent said. Braden responded: “Okay, thank you, you just proved my point.” By the numbers, the U.S. Census Bureau found that engineering was the major that the produced the highest average salary after graduation, $92,000. The major with the lowest annual salary was visual and performing arts, $50,700.   Bruce Alpert reported this story for VOA Learning English. Hai Do was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section and share your views on our Facebook Page.  If you are in college, what is your major? Do you think you’ll get a job related to that major? Do you think you are prepared to take a job “outside your chosen field” if necessary?  ___________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   tendency - n. way of behaving or going about something median - n. the middle value in a series of values arranged from smallest to largest thoroughly - adv. careful about doing something in an accurate and exact way

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American Company Identifies Online Threats to Prevent Violence

  Last Friday, employees at an American company discovered threats on social media against a school in Edmonton, Canada. The company, the Tactical Institute, has offices in Washington, D.C. The institute gave the threat information to the school’s leadership and the Edmonton Police Department. The school was put on lockdown -- meaning people were not permitted to leave or enter the building. A short time later, law enforcement officials detained the person who police say wrote the threat on Twitter. The lockdown ended, and the school was declared safe, The Edmonton Journal newspaper reported. In one of the tweets, the suspect wrote, “Maybe I should take a … gun to school tomreow (CQ) shoot up the school. He says that is “how u people make me feel (angry.)” Bob Dowling is the president of the Tactical Institute. He says it provides reports to businesses about threats on social media against them and their workers. The institute is now offering the service to schools at what he says is a lower price. Social media and the Las Vegas attack Dowling does not know whether threats or suggestions of violence will be found on social media about Stephen Paddock. Police identified him as the gunman who killed over 50 people in Las Vegas Sunday night. Police said he fired shots from the upper floors of a hotel at a large crowd of people attending an outdoor country music festival. Dowling said that his company is looking at the internet for any information that might suggest why the Nevada man would commit the largest mass murder in recent American history. “We are actually scouring the internet right now with law enforcement looking for any social media presence." It may be that that there is not much from Stephen Paddock on social media. But Dowling said that some people who knew Paddock might have written something about him that would offer a possible explanation why he would kill so many people. Dowling once worked as a special agent for the United States government. He told VOA he does not know how many people plotting an attack discuss their plans on social media. “We don’t know what is going on in everybody’s mind. But we attempt our very best to find that small minority of individuals in the vast minority that is contemplating dangerous acts or acts toward people, innocent people.” In the Edmonton school threat, Dowling said, an 18-year-old high school student had written two tweets that raised concerns about violence. It included threats of a violent attack on the school, as well as a plan to take his own life. The student had also published a video up on social media that showed him walking alongside the Balwin School, which serves students in grades one through nine. It also offers kindergarten classes for younger children. Fortunately, there was no attack on the school and its students. But on Saturday night, there was violence in Edmonton. Police reported a car and knife attack on a police officer near a field where a football game was taking place, and a high-speed chase involving a moving van. The incident left four people injured. Polices said the attacks were carried out by a single man. Police arrested a 30-year-old man, Abdulahi Hasan Sharif. He was identified as a Somalia refugee who was once investigated for connections to extremism. Dowling said that there does not seem to be connections between Hasan Sharif and the student who made threats on Twitter. But there is another point worth looking into, Dowling said. The student who wrote threats against the school on Twitter posted videos. At least one of them shows drivers running people down with their cars or trucks. The drivers then leave their vehicles and use knives to attack the victims again. That is what Hasan Sharif is accused of doing Saturday night in Edmonton -- one day after the student’s tweets were discovered. The Tactical Institute employs former members of the U.S. armed forces to look on social media for threats against its paying customers. Dowling said that his company will tell schools and others of threats it discovers against them during its social media searches -- whether they are customers or not. He says that Tactical has warned 18 schools, including one in Scotland, about threats of violence against their students, teachers and school buildings. I’m Kelly Jean Kelly. Bruce Alpert reported on this story for VOA Learning English. George Grow was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section and share your views on our Facebook Page. _________________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   festival - n. a special time or event when people gather to celebrate something or listen to performances scour - v. to search for something carefully and thoroughly contemplate - v. thinking about doing something fortunately - adv. used to say that something happened or something bad did not happen

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Scientists Win Nobel Prize in Physics for Measuring Gravitational Waves

  Three scientists have won the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work in measuring gravitational waves. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced the prize winners on Tuesday. The scientists are Rainer Weiss of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Barry Barish and Kip Thorne, both of whom work at the California Institute of Technology. The three men were involved in the first actual observation of gravitational waves in September 2015. They are being recognized for a combination of highly developed scientific theory and equipment design. The German-born Weiss was awarded half of the $1.1 million in prize money. Thorne and Barish will split the other half. The physics prize has been split among two or more winners for the past 25 years. About a hundred years ago, Albert Einstein proposed his General Theory of Relativity. It predicted the existence of gravitational waves anytime an object accelerates, or speeds up. His theory changed the way scientists understand the universe. But only recently were the waves seen, proving Einstein was correct. Barish told the Associated Press that the Nobel prize is “a win for Einstein, and a very big one.” Weiss, Barish and Thorne were leaders in the experiments performed at the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO. They measured very small disturbances the waves make to space and time as they pass through the Earth. LIGO measured gravitational waves for the first time about two years ago. Those waves were produced when two “black holes” came together and formed a single, huge black hole. The two black holes were about 1.3 billion light-years from Earth. A light-year is the distance that light travels in one year: about 9.46 trillion kilometers. When the discovery of gravitational waves was announced several months later, scientists and other people were astonished. Weiss said of the physics prize: “I view this more as a thing that recognizes the work of a thousand people.” Weiss has been attempting to detect gravitational waves for many years. He designed a laser-based device in the 1970s to do so. The Nobel announcement said that Weiss, Thorne and Barish “ensured that four decades of effort led to gravitational waves finally being observed.” It noted that Einstein believed gravitational waves could never be measured. Thorne told the Associated Press from California shortly after the announcement that “it’s a win for the human race as a whole. These gravitational waves will be powerful ways for the human race to explore the universe.” Ariel Goobar is with the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He said the winners’ work meant “we can study processes which were completely impossible, out of reach to us in the past. The best comparison is when Galileo discovered the telescope, which allowed us to see that Jupiter had moons and all of a sudden we discovered that the universe was much vaster than we used to think about,” he added. Patrick Sutton is an astronomer at Cardiff University in Wales. He told the AP that with the technology the scientists developed “we may even see entirely new objects that we haven’t even imagined yet.” I’m Phil Dierking. VOA’s Chris Hannas wrote this story from Washington. Christopher Jones-Cruise adapted his story for Learning English. His report includes information from the Associated Press news agency. George Grow was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section, or visit our Facebook page. ________________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   accelerate – v. to move faster; to gain speed disturbance – n. a change in the position, arrangement or order of something black hole – n. an invisible area in outer space with gravity so strong that light cannot get out of it  astonished – adj. feeling or showing great surprise or wonder decade – n. a period of 10 years vast – adj. very great in size, amount or extent

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Trump Visits Hurricane Victims, Aid Workers in Puerto Rico

  President Donald Trump flew to the island of Puerto Rico Tuesday to meet with its leaders for the first time since a powerful storm hit the U.S. territory two weeks ago. Trump and his wife Melania landed at an air base near San Juan, the Puerto Rican capital. Aid workers are using the base to direct recovery efforts on the Caribbean island. “I’ve never seen people working so hard in my life,” Trump said. The Trumps met with U.S. troops, emergency medical crews and survivors of Hurricane Maria. The storm was the strongest to hit Puerto Rico in many years. Maria destroyed its electric power network, as well as many homes, businesses, roads and farms across the island. At least 16 people were killed. Trump noted the island's relatively low death toll compared with another storm, Hurricane Katrina, which struck the southeastern United States in 2005. Katrina was blamed for more than 1,800 deaths, according to the Federal Emergency Management Agency. “Every death is a horror,'' Trump said. “But if you look at a real catastrophe like Katrina and you look at the tremendous, and hundreds and hundreds of people that died, and you look at what happened here...nobody's ever seen anything like this.” Trump praised the island’s recovery efforts and promised an all-out effort to keep providing federal assistance. He praised Puerto Rican officials for offering kind words about the aid. But he admitted that a lot more must be done and called on locals to do more to help aid get to areas outside the city. Trump met with a number of Puerto Rican officials and shook the hand of San Juan’s mayor, Carmen Yulin Cruz. A few days ago, Cruz strongly criticized the Trump administration for the speed of recovery efforts. Trump reacted by attacking Cruz on Twitter for her “poor leadership.” He also suggested her criticism was influenced by politics. In another Twitter post, the president said the people of Puerto Rico “want everything to be done for them.” Trump said he now thinks the mayor may have changed her mind about the recovery efforts. “Well, I think she’s come back a long way,” he said. “I think it’s now acknowledged what a great job we’ve done, and people are looking at that.” Trump met with hurricane victims at several stops on the island and handed out supplies during a visit to a church. “There's a lot of love in this room,” he said, calling those in attendance “great people.” Trump also met with Puerto Rico’s Governor, Ricardo Rossello, and Governor Kenneth Mapp of the U.S. Virgin Islands, which were also hit by Maria. Rossello told reporters on Monday that more than 720 of the island's 1,100 gasoline stations were now up and running, with more fuel supplies expected in coming days. The governor reported that about half of water and sewer services are still not operational. He added that federal and local officials were working together to keep at least 50 of the island’s 69 hospitals operating. I’m Bryan Lynn. Bryan Lynn wrote this story for VOA Learning English. His story was based on information from VOANews.com, the Associated Press, Reuters and Agence France-Presse. George Grow was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments section, and visit our Facebook page. _____________________________________________________________ Words in This Story network – n. a system of lines or wires that are connected to each other according – adv. as stated by or in catastrophe – n. terrible disaster acknowledge – v. say you accept or agree with something sewer – n. pipes buried underground that carry water and waste

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October 3, 2017

A look at the best news photos from around the world.

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Explainer: FAA

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EU Calls for Talks to End Spanish Independence Dispute

  European leaders are urging talks to solve a dispute between Spain's government and the leaders of an independence movement in Catalonia. The northeastern province has long considered a vote on independence from Spain. A statement Monday from the European Commission called on all sides in the dispute to move “from confrontation to dialogue.” The statement came after a violent crackdown by Spanish police who tried to stop a referendum on independence Sunday in Catalonia. Spain’s government and Constitutional Court had declared the referendum illegal. Nearly 900 people were injured in clashes after Spanish riot police entered voting stations to stop people from voting. In some cases police used batons and fired rubber bullets to clear protesters. Officials said most of the injuries were not serious. Spain’s Interior Ministry said more than 400 National Police and Civil Guard officers also suffered injuries during the clashes. Most of the injuries were not serious and no officers were hospitalized. The European Commission statement said “violence can never be an instrument in politics.” It added that it trusted Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy to manage the crisis in a way that respects “both the Spanish constitution and the rights of citizens.” The European Union and most of its 28 nations have not backed Catalonia's independence movement. Experts say EU officials are fearful that supporting it could open the door for many other independence campaigns across the continent. The movement’s leaders had hoped the police crackdown might cause European leaders to take steps to intervene in the dispute with Spain’s government. The leader of Catalonia, Carles Puigdemont, told a news conference Monday that international mediation is needed to resolve the dispute. He said Catalonia had “won the right to become an independent state.” He urged the EU to “stop looking the other way” in Catalonia’s bid to break away from Spain. Puigdemont said early results showed more than 90 percent of voters supported independence. Forty-two percent of voters reportedly took part. He said the area’s parliament will be asked to declare independence in the next few days after final voting results are announced. Several human rights organizations and the United Nations called for an independent investigation into police violence during the operations to stop voting. However, Spanish officials said the police response was needed to enforce a judicial order to prevent the referendum from taking place. About 5,000 extra police officers were sent to Catalonia and are expected to remain there for now. Catalonia, with the coastal city of Barcelona as its capital, has a population of 7.5 million people. It makes up about one-fifth of Spain's economy. Public opinion studies have repeatedly shown that most Catalonia residents support a referendum. However, the studies found they are about evenly divided on the issue of independence from Spain. I’m Bryan Lynn. Bryan Lynn wrote this story based on reports from VOA News, the Associated Press, Reuters and Agence France-Presse. Mario Ritter was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments section, and visit our Facebook page. _____________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   confrontation – n. argument or clash over something dialogue – n. discussion or series of discussions between two groups referendum – n. election in which the people in an area vote for or against an issue of public concern baton – n. thick stick sometimes used by police as a weapon mediation – n. process to find a solution between two or more people who disagree about something  

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Three Americans Share Nobel Prize in Medicine

  Three American scientists have won the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The three were recognized for their work on the body’s daily rhythms -- the biological processes that our bodies repeat over and over again. These actions affect the way a person feels. The Nobel committee says the scientists’ work has opened up new areas of research and increased understanding about the importance of getting enough sleep. Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young won the $1.1 million prize for finding genetic processes that control circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms adapt the workings of the body to different times of the day. They can influence sleep, behavior, body temperature and the natural processes for breaking down food and making energy. The scientists were able to see inside our biological clock and explain its inner workings, the Nobel statement said. A Nobel report said that our well being is affected when the circadian rhythms are not in balance. One example is jet lag – a condition many people experience after a long flight. Your biological clock is “off” when you fly great distances, passing over many time zones. When you reach your final stop, it takes time to adjust to the new time. If one’s circadian rhythm is off, the person can develop disorders like insomnia, depression and even heart disease, over time. The scientists studied insects, fruit flies, as model organisms for their work. “I am very pleased for the fruit fly,” said Michael Rosbash, a professor at Brandeis University in the eastern state of Massachusetts. Rosbach said he got a telephone call about the award just after 5 in the morning, local time. He said that when the phone rings at that time, “normally it is because someone died.” Rosbach told the Associated Press “I’m still a little overwhelmed,” adding “I stand on the shoulders of giants. This is a very humbling award.” Michael Young is at Rockefeller University in New York City; Jeffrey Hall was a visiting professor at the University of Maine, but said his prize work was done at Brandeis. Hall, who is 72 years old, said that he was already awake when the call informing him of the prize came around 5 a.m. Hall said he was awake because age-related changes in his own circadian rhythms mean he gets up early in the morning. Michael Hastings is a scientist at Britain’s Medical Research Council. He said the discoveries had opened up a whole new field of study for biology and medicine. “Until then, the body clock was viewed as a sort of black box,” Hastings told the AP. “We knew nothing about its operation. But what they did was get the genes that made the body clock, and once you’ve got the genes, you can take the field wherever you want to.” “It’s a field that has exploded massively,” he told the AP. And, he said, is because of the work of these researchers. Their work goes back to 1984 when the three men were able to separate out the “period gene” in fruit flies. Hall and Rosbash found that a protein encoded by the gene increased during the night and weakened during the day. Then 10 years later, Young reported the discovery of another “clock gene.” Today scientists are looking for new treatments based on the circadian cycles. They include establishing the best times to take medicines as well as increased attention on the importance of a good night’s sleep.   I’m Anne Ball. The Associated Press and Reuters news agency reported on this story. Anne Ball adapted their reports for VOA Learning English.  George Grow was the editor.   We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section and visit us on our Facebook page.   _______________________________________________________________   Words in This Story rhythm – n. a regular, repeated pattern of events, changes, activities, etc. circadian – adj. relating to the regular changes in a person or thing that happen in 24-hour periods adapt – v. to change your behavior so that it is easier to live in a particular place or situation clock – n. a device that shows what time it is and that is usually placed in a room or attached to a wall jet lag – n. a tired and unpleasant feeling that you sometimes get when you travel by airplane to a place that is far away time zone – n. any one of the world's 24 divisions that has its own time giant – n. a legendary creature usually thought of as being an extremely large and powerful person humbling – adj. feeling less important, less proud

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Study Finds Beliefs About Boy and Girl Differences Start at Early Age

  For VOA Learning English, this is the Health & Lifestyle report. No matter where they live, children get a strong message about what is expected of them as they grow up. And, in most countries in the world, these expectations are closely tied to gender. Boys learn that they have to be strong. They are encouraged to explore new things and have adventures. But, researchers say these expectations leave them with an increased risk of HIV, homicide and suicide. Girls get a message that their bodies are both assets and problems. They need to look good, but not too good. They need to stay away from boys so they do not bring dishonor to their families. Dr. Bob Blum is the director of Global Early Adolescent Study at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. He led the study. He says it is the first of its kind. "There was no research at all, no understanding at all of young adolescents." He said people held the belief that children are not receiving messages about gender, gender-based violence, rape and things of that nature. But the study came to a different finding. The researchers talked to 450 poor children and their parents about gender expectations. The talks took place in a total of 15 countries of mixed wealth. Children in the study were between ages 10 and 14. The World Health Organization, or WHO, and Johns Hopkins Medicine healthcare system were partners for the study. Poverty's effects Dr. Venkatraman Chandra-Mouli works on adolescent health for the World Health Organization. He says poverty has a powerful effect on keeping these damaging ideas alive.   It means boys will be pulled out of school and sent to work. Girls will not be educated, or they will be removed from school as soon as they reach their early teen years. And, they will be forced to marry young. "If I see the daughter in my house as a burden, and a burden that I need to watch over very carefully because I don't want her to have sex before marriage because, if she does, she's not marriageable. Then what do I do?... I keep her under very tight control and I get her married off as quickly as I can." But there is a push for change. In Nigeria, study researcher Bamidele Bello found that girls do not want to be limited by their gender. She said they want to become doctors and professors. They have big goals and do not want their gender to limit them.    In Shanghai, China girls are told they should be economically independent and should not depend on men for financial help. At the same time, girls are told their husbands will leave them if they do not do housework. This burden does not affect men, said researcher Xiauan Zuo. He said traditional culture requires women to be obedient. Mirror, mirror on the wall Blum says they found that even in the most liberal societies, children internalize the belief that boys are strong and independent and girls are weak and dependent. Children receive these messages all the time – from brothers and sisters, classmates, teachers, parents, family members, religious leaders and sports team leaders. The researchers also found that, in most cultures, by the time girls are 10 years old, they have been taught that their main asset is their physical appearance. Lead co-researcher Kristin Mmari said girls around the world are concerned about their bodies and other peoples' attitudes toward them. She said in New Delhi, India, the girls talked about their bodies as a big risk that needs to be covered up. And in Baltimore, Maryland, girls told researchers their main asset was their bodies and that they need to look good, but not too good. Chandra-Mouli said violence against women is extremely common. He said one in three women experience violence from their husbands or other sexual partners. But the researchers found that gender expectations put boys in danger, too. The social pressure to become strong and independent makes them more likely to be victims of physical violence or homicide. And, there is a higher chance they will have unhealthy behaviors, like tobacco, drug and alcohol use. Where to go from here The study said that societies that want healthier young adults need to make changes in gender messaging. The WHO wants to use the study findings to create programs that change ideas about what is normal for each gender before children reach age 15. Blum said the researchers will measure changes in their subjects over the next few years to see how beliefs about gender affect individuals' lives. And, they want to see whether programs change these results. Blum and other researchers from the study discussed their findings at the National Press Club in Washington. And that's the Health & Lifestyle report. I'm Jill Robbins. And I'm Alice Bryant. _______________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   gender – n. the state of being male of female HIV – n. a virus that causes AIDS homicide – n. the act of killing another person asset – n. a valuable person or thing internalize – v. to make something, such as an idea or an attitude, an important part of the kind of person you are tobacco – n. a plant that produces leaves which are smoked in cigarettes and pipes

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Trial Opens for Women Accused of Killing Half-Brother of Kim Jong Un

  Two women accused of killing the half-brother of North Korea’s leader have gone on trial in Malaysia. Siti Aisyah of Indonesia and Doan Thi Huong of Vietnam told the court they are not guilty. They are accused of spreading a poison on Kim Jong Nam’s face to kill him. The incident took place February 13 at Kuala Lumpur’s main airport. Kim Jong Nam is the half-brother of Kim Jong Un, North Korea’s leader. The women told the court that they thought they were taking part in a television prank show that used hidden cameras. They say they believed at the time that the action was harmless. Four witnesses spoke to the court Monday. They told about their interactions with Kim shortly after he started complaining of health problems at the airport. Several North Koreans suspected of involvement in Kim’s death left Malaysia soon after the incident. Three other suspects who were at North Korea’s embassy were permitted to leave the country after reaching an agreement with Malaysia. The killing led to weeks of tensions between Malaysia and North Korea. Government lawyers are expected to take two months to present evidence. After that, a judge will decide if there is enough evidence to require the defendants to present a defense, said the lawyer for Huong. The two women could face a death sentence if found guilty. Efforts to pressure North Korea continue The trial of the two women begins as diplomatic efforts to persuade North Korea to end its banned weapons programs continue. In Beijing Saturday, U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson said the U.S. was communicating with North Korea. He suggested the country had shown interest in talks. However, a State Department spokeswoman later suggested that North Korea had shown no such interest. In a tweet on the social media network Twitter, the president suggested that Tillerson was “wasting his time” in trying to negotiate with the North Korean leader. Trump also suggested in other tweets that 25 years of policy toward North Korea had failed. “Clinton failed, Bush failed, Obama failed. I won’t fail,” he wrote. Trump is to visit China, Japan and South Korea on a major trip to Asia in November. The issue of North Korea’s weapons programs is expected to be an important subject of discussion during meetings with Asian leaders. I’m Mario Ritter. Mario Ritter adapted this story for VOA Learning English from an Associated Press report. Caty Weaver was the editor.   We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments section, and visit our Facebook page.​ _______________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   prank –n. a trick done to someone as a joke indication –n. a sign that shows something channels –n. ways or paths of communication  

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