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What It Takes - Wynton Marsalis

00:00:00    MUSIC: WHERE OR WHEN   00:00:25    ALICE WINKLER: Wynton Marsalis once called music “the art of the invisible,” and he said the notes were infused with a magical essence.   00:00:34    WYNTON MARSALIS: It’s like the feeling of “I love you” before the words or the crest of a kiss before you’ve even puckered your lips. Well, in jazz we call this “soul” — and no one really knows what “soul” means. The only thing we know about soul is that you feel much better after you've come into contact with it than you felt before it was present.   00:00:54    ALICE WINKLER: Wynton Marsalis should know. He is the best-known jazz musician of our times. He’s also a classical musician; and a Pulitzer Prize-winning composer; and managing and artistic director of Jazz at Lincoln Center. He’s all that and a bag of chips, and he is the subject of this episode of What It Takes from the Academy of Achievement.   00:01:17    I’m Alice Winkler.   00:01:19    OPRAH WINFREY: "Hattie Mae, this child is gifted," and I heard that enough that I started to believe it.   00:01:25    ROGER BANNISTER: If you have the opportunity, not a perfect opportunity, and you don't take it, you may never have another chance.   00:01:31    LAURYN HILL: It all was so clear. It was just, like, the picture started to form itself.   00:01:36    DESMOND TUTU:    There was no way in which a lie could prevail over the truth, darkness over light, death over life.   00:01:43    CAROL BURNETT (quoting CARRIE HAMILTON): “Every day I wake up and decide, today I'm going to love my life. Decide.”   00:01:51    JOHNNY CASH: My advice is, if they're going to break your leg once when you go in that place, stay out of there.   00:01:56    JAMES MICHENER: And then along come these differential experiences that you don't look for, you don't plan for, but boy, you’d better not miss them.   00:02:08    ALICE WINKLER: Here’s trumpet player Wynton Marsalis in 1991, describing where the music he hears in his head comes from.   00:02:17    WYNTON MARSALIS: Whenever I see myself in a situation — I meet a new person or something — I wonder what they would sound like in music. Or something that's ironic or funny, or if you go to the zoo and you look at animals, they all look — they have a musical type. Or colors, you know. So much stuff can be related to music.   00:02:33    It can be the type of shoes somebody has on, or maybe it's the way you do this with your mustache, you know. It's like a question. Maybe it's like a phrase that goes... It can be anything. The type of clothing people wear, earrings, or the way a woman will move, you know.   00:02:51     She might touch her lips a certain way or move her eyes a certain way or look at you a certain way. Or paintings, like sometimes I go to the Museum of Modern Art, or I get books of paintings from Bearden, Picasso, Titian, Goya. It doesn't make a difference what the period is. Or reading a book. Like, I remember once when I was reading the Iliad, and I thought, "Boy, you could make a great — some music out of this, tunes for each character." It's just anything.   00:03:23    MUSIC: FATHER TIME   00:04:23     ALICE WINKLER: Marsalis was just 29 when he sat down for this interview with the Academy of Achievement. He had already recorded 24 albums, in just nine years, mind you. Six of them were classical, and that range contributed to his status as a young phenom.   00:04:41    MUSIC: FLIGHT OF THE BUMBLEBEE   00:05:07     ALICE WINKLER: But jazz was and is Marsalis’s deepest passion and he its greatest champion. For 35 years, he’s been fighting for jazz to be recognized as a pillar of American culture, history, and art.   00:05:22     MUSIC: WHERE OR WHEN   00:05:32     ALICE WINKLER: Here he is in a 1990 speech to students at the Academy of Achievement.   00:05:38    WYNTON MARSALIS: Jazz music is central to American mythology. What this means is that it lets us know what it means to be American, just like the story of Odysseus and Achilles and the Iliad and the Odyssey were central to what it meant to be Greek. But when I go to schools all around the country, there’s no knowledge of who Duke Ellington was, no knowledge of who Louis Armstrong was.   00:06:03    We don’t have a good grasp of the American aesthetic. What we have nowadays is what I call a “commercial” mythology. Oh yes, and the commercial mythology, it has its own gods, and it even refers to things in terms of economics. "Well, don’t you know they sold 25 million albums?" Yes, but what was on those albums? "Don’t you know so-and-so just purchased this with their money?" The mythology teaches us about our inner life. This is the thing that I find our young students are lacking.   00:06:36     ALICE WINKLER: The inner life — the American aesthetic — it struck Wynton like a bolt of lightning when he was 12 or 13 years old and heard John Coltrane playing his saxophone.   00:06:47     MUSIC: COUSIN MARY   00:07:12     WYNTON MARSALIS: “Ooh-wee-doo.” I'd come home and put that Coltrane record on, and “Cousin Mary” would be playing “poo-da-loo-wee,” just the sound in that music...      00:07:31    Just listening to Trane [John Coltrane], that type of cry that he had in his sound. And I wanted to make somebody feel like how that made me feel listening to it — just a pride or just a something, a dignity to it. It had nobility to it, a profundity, and I just wanted to be a part of it, even though it didn't exist in my era.   00:07:50     So we would go on our bandstand and it'd be... I mean it'd be fun, and the women would be out there. We'd be singing and, you know, making our little symbols and our dance steps. You have, like, battles of the bands, and everybody's band would be there, but it would be loud! You know, we'd be playing so loud half the time, my ears would be ringing after the gigs.   00:08:09    And when you listen to Trane and them, well, that's like some real human. That's something that's about elevation. You know, that's, like, something. It's about — it's like making love to a woman. It's about something of value. It's not just, like, loud.   00:08:27    MUSIC: COUSIN MARY   00:08:39    ALICE WINKLER: Of course, it wasn’t just Coltrane that set Marsalis on his path to greatness. His father, Ellis Marsalis, was a jazz musician. His brothers Branford, Delfeayo, and Jason would all become accomplished players, and by the age of six, Wynton had already been given a trumpet by bandleader Al Hirt.   00:08:59    WYNTON MARSALIS: My father was playing in Al Hirt's band at that time, and he got me a trumpet because my older brother Branford was playing the clarinet and the piano, so he didn't want me to feel left out. But I wasn't going to feel left out because I didn't feel like practicing. So then when they got me a trumpet, then I had to practice it, and I was like, "Oh, man."   00:09:16    And I didn't actually start practicing until I was 12. But the first time I ever played the trumpet in public, I played a piece called the “Marine Hymn.” You know the “Marine Hymn.” I can't even remember it right now, but everybody knows it. So I played that at this junior recital the kids went to, and I messed up something terrible, but my mother, she thought I sounded good because, like, she goes, "Oh, my baby sounds so good."   00:09:43     ALICE WINKLER: But Marsalis, despite Mom, swears he did not sound good, and that’s because he really didn’t want to play the trumpet.   00:09:51     WYNTON MARSALIS: No, I didn't want to get that ring around my lips from practicing the trumpet because I thought the girls wouldn't like me, so I never practiced. As a matter of fact, when I was going into high school, when I was 12, and the band director — at this particular high school they had eighth-grade classes attached to the high school, so the band director was all excited because my father was a well-known musician in New Orleans. He said, "Ellis Marsalis's sons are coming here," except he heard me play, and he said, "Are you sure you’re one of Ellis's sons?" I was sad then. I really couldn't play.   00:10:20    ALICE WINKLER: And he was into other stuff, like sports and hanging out with friends and getting in trouble.   00:10:26    WYNTON MARSALIS: I was, like, a devious kind of — I would do all kinds of dumb stuff. We would throw rocks through windows of train stations and stuff. I would go around to the corner and steal from the stores, and I liked to play ball. I was a mediocre ball player. Sometimes I could be good. Not really good or — I didn't have a lot of athletic ability, but I would work at it. We'd play football in the street. I grew up in Kenner, Louisiana, and they still had the ditches on the sides of the street.   00:10:55    It's country. A railroad track separated the black people from the white people. And I would do my homework and study, but I liked to just generally have a good time. Go in the back with my friends and listen to Stevie Wonder records or whatever was popular at the time. But I liked to tease people, too. That was my best hobby. We would call it ribbin'. I played “the dozens,” and you could — that's where you talk about somebody's mama, or you talk about the kind of clothes they have on or the way they look.   00:11:25    You could talk about them so bad it just — we just would all have to start laughing. You know, somebody really talks about you real bad. I liked doing that and playing marbles. We played marbles. I have five brothers, and we'd go up on the levee in New Orleans. The river was there. We lived, like, a block from the Mississippi River, and we'd go what we called “exploring.” We'd just go around and see, and we'd ride our bikes, but I had a good time.   00:11:52    ALICE WINKLER: But then came Coltrane and Louis Armstrong and a new commitment to learning his instrument, hours a day — three, four, five hours a day — and he started playing the horn parts in pop gigs around New Orleans. At 14, he had his orchestral debut with the New Orleans Philharmonic. Meanwhile, he was still in school, getting A’s, and reading a lot.   00:12:16    I would read all of the black books, like Autobiography of Malcolm X and Soul on Ice. My father had those books. But I would read a wide range of things. Mainly I liked biographies, to read about somebody's life or to read about the geographical locations — like Australia was my favorite continent because I would read about the koala bear and the marsupials and the eucalyptus trees. You know, I mean this is when I was, like, seven and eight and nine.   00:12:44    But as I grew older, then I started reading more books. Like, I would read collections of people, like Edgar Allen Poe. Then I'd read Charles Dickens. Then I'd read Herman Melville. Then I'd read Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner. You know, it'd just go from person to person to person, and I think my favorite type of writer that I really like is — I really like William Faulkner.   00:13:10    He's from the South, you know, and just the way — the poetry of his language and the type of people he's describing, it's like people that I knew. So I like his writing. I like Hemingway, too, for the short sentences, just the style. It's like Lester Young's style in jazz. Whereas William Faulkner, that style is more like Art Tatum or Coltrane, like real virtuosic runs or these long two-hour sentences.   00:13:34     ALICE WINKLER: Music became the lens Wynton Marsalis used to take in the world. He was such a good student, he got a scholarship to an Ivy League school, but his heart was set on Juilliard, and so he made the tough leap from Louisiana to New York City. A country kid of 17, who stood out for the way he spoke and dressed and looked. Today, Marsalis is the director of jazz studies at Juilliard, in addition to his other titles.   00:14:02     But back when he arrived as a student, Juilliard didn’t have a jazz program. He studied classical, as he told interviewer Irv Drasnin.   00:14:12    IRV DRASNIN: When you were a kid growing up, I mean what did you think about classical music? What was your attitude towards classical music?   00:14:18     WYNTON MARSALIS: Mainly I thought it was something for some old white people to do, that you would cough through. So I equated, like, some old white men with beards and stuff — and some women, too. They'd have their gowns on, and they would be playing, and the people would be there going... and then, you know, they would be playing. And we used to have to go to these “days at the symphony” when I was in elementary school, which I always hated.   00:14:41    I'd be like, "Oh, man, we’ve got to sit through this bull." So I would sit, and they would talk about, "This is the bassoon..." "And this is the flute..." "This is the violin..." "This is the trumpet..." And I'd be saying, "Oh, no." "This is the snare..." Like a little joke that goes — "And this is the bass..." "This is the cello..."   00:15:07    I didn't dig it, you know. I was, "Man, what is this?"   00:15:10    IRV DRASNIN: Well, something changed your mind.   00:15:12    WYNTON MARSALIS: Well, it's like any ignorance you have — whenever you have to be around something and you can get past your clichéd version of what it is, if you — like, I was in an orchestra. I remember we were playing Beethoven’s Fifth, and I was in an orchestra rehearsal — New Orleans Youth Orchestra — which I had just gotten in just to be in an orchestra. I still didn't really love classical music that much, but I could play the trumpet enough to play...   00:15:41    So we would be rehearsing every day, and I would be just checking the music out. The bass would come in... And I'd be listening... And the strings come in... I'd just be checking it out, you know, the different movements and the sound of that music. And then after rehearsal would be over, I would be humming the themes to myself, and I'd be saying, "Well, man, you know, this is some great music."   00:16:10    I couldn't deal with all the prejudices I had against the music. They were stripped away by the fact of the music.   00:16:18    MUSIC: PIÉCE EN FORME DE HABANERA   00:17:12    WYNTON MARSALIS: Like I hear people now always trying to dismiss these great masterpieces: "Oh, that's just European music." They don't know what they are talking about because if you have to sit in an orchestra and listen to Beethoven's music, you come force to force with a great human achievement. And just that music, you know — the music was — just especially Beethoven's music. He was my favorite composer. Just that music was just so powerful and great that I just had to deal with it. I said, "Man, I like this music."   00:17:40    I just had to confront it in myself, and I would listen to all of Beethoven's symphony, you know, the Third Symphony... And then I went to the New Orleans Center for Creative Arts, and I had a teacher named Dr. Breaux, and he made us analyze all of the nine symphonies. So then I could see, like, how the music was put together from an architectural standpoint. Here's the theme, and here's the secondary theme, and this is the theme stated in the dominant key.   00:18:10    And this is sonata-allegro form, and this is a scherzo, and this is a — you just learn the different forms. Then you can... Plus Beethoven music had that life in it, you know, just that feeling. And the slow movements would be really profound and slow and pretty. I remember when I heard the Sixth Symphony, the beginning of that.   00:18:33    The first time I checked it out, it sounded like some blues almost, you know. Just the poetry of the line... Just that song, you know... So I would go home and check it out, you know... I couldn't wait to hear that. And I would listen to Maurice André play and read the liner notes of his records, and they said he worked in a coal mine, so I was: "This guy worked in a coal mine. Now he's playing classical trumpet."   00:19:00     And I just liked his sounds, the vibrancy of the sound, and I always wanted to play like him in classical music. It gave me almost the same feeling that I got when I would be listening to Coltrane and them.   00:19:13    ALICE WINKLER: So Marsalis was fluent in both languages, classical and jazz, as well as a few others he had picked up along the way. By day he followed the traditional Juilliard course of studies, but on the side...   00:19:25    MUSIC: SOULFUL MISTER TIMMONS   00:19:32    ALICE WINKLER: He dove into all New York had to offer.   00:19:34    MUSIC: SOULFUL MISTER TIMMONS   00:19:41    ALICE WINKLER: He became a best friend and disciple of the jazz and culture critic Stanley Crouch. He started sitting in with Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers, and then practically every other living luminary of jazz: Sarah Vaughan, Dizzy Gillespie, Sonny Rollins, Ron Carter, Herbie Hancock, and many others. Finally, he formed his own band. He loved classical and continued to play, but his heart belonged to jazz.   00:20:08    MUSIC: WHO CAN I TURN TO (WHEN NOBODY NEEDS ME)   00:20:49    WYNTON MARSALIS: Well, the first thing about jazz is that it has so many functions. First is the communal function. Coming from the New Orleans music, where it's played to celebrate births, funerals — the celebratory aspects of the music, the parade, which, around the turn of the century, was a real popular thing. You had bands, like the John Philip Sousa Band, and that's a heroic sound.   00:21:18    And jazz music is the American version of that appropriation of something European. Then you have the whole dance connotation with jazz music, which, I think it reached its most popular point in the country with the swing era, but still, the elements of jazz are in all of the music. Then you have the element of refinement of folk themes, which you find in all classical music, and this is what the jazz musicians do with the songs of Cole Porter and George Gershwin.   00:21:49     Like when you hear Ben Webster play a Cole Porter song, the art of jazz is what he performs on the theme. Like Hoagy Carmichael, when he first heard Louis Armstrong do “Stardust,” he said, "Man, I wish I had written that" or "It can't sound any better than that." Then you have the conception of New Orleans jazz group improvisation — cooperative ensemble playing — which functions exactly like a democracy, which is each person has the right to play what they want to play, but the responsibility to play something that makes everybody else sound good.   00:22:28    So it's — the way that these horns relate to the rhythm section, it's like a musical example of how a democracy should work. Then you have the whole vocal music tradition that's in jazz. The greatest singers, like Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan, Mahalia Jackson, who was not a jazz singer, but she's an honorary because she was so great in gospel music that they consider her a jazz singer. And you have a tradition of instrumental virtuosity, which has produced the greatest innovators on any instrument.   00:23:00     Like, the trumpet will never be the same after Louis Armstrong. There were great trumpet players in the European tradition, and there were great trumpet players in the African tradition — of playing the trumpets they played — but when Louis Armstrong played the trumpet, he simultaneously innovated in both of those idioms. And that's true on every instrument: Paul Chambers on the bass, and Jimmy Blanton, Ray Brown, Art Tatum on the piano, Thelonious Monk on the piano, Duke Ellington in composition, his whole harmonic conception, his conception of form and motion, logic, structure.   00:23:37     The conception of the Duke Ellington Orchestra, which is a whole aggregation of individuals, and he had to conceive of music that would allow each of those individual personalities to speak and grow and develop. So that's a different conception from, let's say, a European composer who would sit down and say, "Okay, I'm writing for trumpet." Duke Ellington was writing for Cootie Williams's trumpet or for the trumpet of Ray Nance.   00:24:01     You know, this is not to say better or worse, because certainly, no one can sneer at the masterworks of Bach or Beethoven. Only a fool would do that. But there's a lot of that going on nowadays, but that's very foolish. It's just to say that this is an American conception, the fact that this is not just trumpet, this is Cootie Williams's trumpet. It's like a democracy — individual voice. But you have to fit it into the context of the ensemble, and it has an evolution in which different aspects of the tradition have been taken out and developed, like Charlie Parker developed one aspect of it.   00:24:35    Thelonious Monk developed one aspect of it.  John Coltrane developed the spiritual aspect and a call-and-response aspect of the group polyphony. So there's so much in jazz music to be studied and to be learned, and so little education that — I could go on and on and on, you know, just about what Duke Ellington did and also the romantic connotation of the music. The music had the effect of liberating a lot of the people from this Victorian image of sexuality, but for some reason, people still think they need to be liberated from that.   00:25:06    This is something that jazz music was doing around the turn of the century, and now it's degenerated in the modern era to the type of vulgarity that's represented by rock and roll, which parades under the guise of giving you sexual freedom when it's really, truly sexual repression. The sexual freedom is found in the sensuality and the romance and the lyricism of the great songwriters like George Gershwin and Cole Porter and Duke Ellington and of the great instrumentalists like Louis Armstrong and Lester Young.   00:25:31     These people had a truly romantic conception that was based on elevation of the relationship between a man and a woman rather than denigration of it into just some adolescent — abusive adolescent sexual discoveries.   00:25:47     So jazz music, it has a component for every aspect of American life. The great musicians come — Duke Ellington was from Washington. Thelonious Monk was from North Carolina. Louis Armstrong was from New Orleans. Elvin Jones is from Detroit. Fletcher Henderson was from New York. Dexter Gordon is from California. The list goes — musicians come from everywhere.  Charlie Parker was from Kansas City. Musicians come from every direction, and they give us a portrait of the country, of just the feeling of our nation.    00:26:21    MUSIC: JEAN-LOUIS IS EVERYWHERE   00:26:36    IRV DRASNIN: It's more than just a musical forum. It is a tradition. It is part of American history and culture and life.   00:26:42    WYNTON MARSALIS: Oh yes, and that's what we need right now because we've gotten so far away from our own mythology, and because the American mythology has been skewed so much against what the country actually represents. Like one prime example for that would be a cowboy and Indian movie. Like, those movies served a good purpose because they identified heroes. They identified values. But the problem with the movie was that it was a denigration of a noble people.    00:27:08    So you need something that doesn't denigrate other people, and that's what jazz music is. It doesn't denigrate anybody. It's designed to elevate everybody, and it addresses aspects of everybody's music: European music, African music, Indian music, Chinese music, Japanese — you could study any style of music and you will hear something in it that sounds like jazz music.   00:27:30     I'm listening to Japanese music now from the — it's called gagaku, the court music from 800 AD, and the melody sounds like blues in this one piece. It goes... That's the only part I can remember... I can't remember it all, but it has that sound of blues in it. Jazz music just touches every — it touches all the aspects of people. It elevates them.   00:28:03    ALICE WINKLER: And he elevated it. Remember, jazz was decades out of fashion when Wynton Marsalis came calling. He’s the one largely responsible for glorifying its status, earning it the respect an American treasure is due, not only by playing it but by steeping himself in its history and teaching it.  In the mid-'90s, he created and hosted an epic four-hour public television series and an even more epic 26-part NPR series about jazz.   00:28:35    Wynton Marsalis was — and still is — the philosopher king of the jazz world. Some of his views over the years have rankled other musicians, his judgments on what does or does not qualify as jazz, for instance. But here’s what he told interviewer Irv Drasnin, in 1991, was the hardest obstacle he faced as a young artist.   00:28:56    WYNTON MARSALIS: Well, you know, everything is difficult that's worth achieving, so for me, when you're on a certain level of sensitivity, there are a lot of things that are difficult. Like growing up in the environment I grew up in was difficult, dealing with the type of intellectual isolation that I've had to deal with. Just because what I — and then to — nobody in my generation really was into that, so —   00:29:20    Like I've never had a real true camaraderie with my peer group like I would want to have. And that's been, like, a source of real true pain for me, especially in terms of trying to recruit an audience and have people really understand what you’re doing, in your age group, and have a real meaningful dialogue with your audience — which is something every musician wants. And just not to have that, to not have the possibility for that.    00:29:49    See, it's not like you don't have it, and it's not like going on a court and playing basketball, and you’re Michael Jordan, where you go out and you play way better than everybody else so you need to play against certain competition. It's where you go out to play and nobody wants to play basketball, so you have to go out every day and play yourself, you know, or just a few people.    00:30:10    ALICE WINKLER: Marsalis may not have had the musical and intellectual company of his peers, but thanks to the more vibrant jazz world he’s helped create, younger generations of jazz musicians haven’t had to suffer the isolation he felt. In other words, there are a lot more of them than when he was coming up. Box checked. One of his other goals, he said back when he was 29, was to learn to become a better composer.   00:30:36    WYNTON MARSALIS: Just really — I want to learn how to really write jazz music and just capture a portion of what I really see around me. Like, because now I function at, like, 20% of my capability because I don't have the technique to write down what I hear and see and feel, and I don't have the technical — I can't do it. So I have to work on that because I can really conceive of — and then I'm writing songs about animals, a whole series of songs just on animals, a whole series of songs based on Japanese music, based on —   00:31:06    I mean, like, really from a conceptual standpoint, and also just dealing with jazz music and some pretty music. You know, something that people can like but that will also be good. Try to bring dance back into the music. Try to deal with film and the music, and try to write opera, write ballets. There's a lot I want to do. I'm sure I won't do it all, but if I could just get the technique to do it.   00:31:30    MUSIC: THE MARKET PLACE (from BLOOD ON THE FIELDS)   00:31:38    ALICE WINKLER: Well, perhaps it’s no surprise that Wynton Marsalis put his mind and heart into it, and just three years after this interview, composed an epic jazz oratorio that would win him a Pulitzer Prize. In fact, it was the first Pulitzer ever awarded to a jazz artist. The piece, called “Blood on the Fields,” traces the life of a couple through slavery and freedom.   00:32:05    MUSIC: THE MARKET PLACE (from BLOOD ON THE FIELDS)   00:32:19    ALICE WINKLER: Wynton Marsalis has achieved just about every goal he’d set for himself, even the suite of music about animals he dreamed of 25 years ago when he spoke with the Academy of Achievement. That work, called “Spaces,” premiered just a few months ago, as I record this podcast. It was performed in Rose Hall, a facility at Lincoln Center exclusively for jazz that Marsalis established.   00:32:46    It was played by the Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra with tap dancer Jared Grimes and street dancer Lil Buck. Sadly, I can’t play you an excerpt of that music because it hasn’t yet been recorded commercially but watch for it. You’ll hear the sound of Marsalis’s trumpet blending with the voices of all the other instruments, telling a story that contains the soul of America.   00:33:12    WYNTON MARSALIS: And the soul is the most important thing about being human. It is the thing that you must cherish and develop throughout the entirety of your life. It, and it alone, is what determines who you are. Now I understand when I say “the soul,” that could mean anything. A lot of people think it’s some chicken gravy spilled on your tie, but that’s not what it is.   00:33:36    The soul is best embodied in a man like Louis Armstrong. Someone asked him, "Well, Louis, you know, why is it that you are loved and respected all over the world?" He went to Africa, and they stopped having a war so that he could be there. Said, "We're going to stop warring today because Pops is going to be here with his horn."   00:33:55    Pops was in Germany, Japan, China. It didn’t make a difference where he went. Everybody loved him because he was the real representative of America and American democracy. They could feel that soul, the depth of manhood. And if I talk to any musicians who were around him — I’ve had musicians come up to me with tears in their eyes and say, "Son, you know, you sound good on your horn, don’t get me wrong. You're cool. But until you realize how great a man Louis Armstrong was, you will never get anywhere in American music."   00:34:25    It can be all-white Italian musicians, Chinese musicians. Matter of fact, I was in Brazil somewhere and some guy who was working on a highway by a bordello — or by the — what do they call it? The favela. Some guy out on the street by a favela looked at me and said. "Ah, tocando, Louis Armstrong." I said, "Ah, even they know who Louis Armstrong is."   00:34:51    Louis Armstrong represented something as a man, and his spirit and the things that he said were — when he was asked this question, he said, "They know that I am there in the cause of happiness."   00:35:04     Not, “They know that I’m here and I’m Louis Armstrong. Everybody knows I’m the greatest trumpet player in the world. I’ve practiced more. I’m the originator of the American style of trumpet, the American style of phrasing, the American vocal style.  I’m Louis Armstrong. I was born poor, and now I’m rich."   00:35:22    He said, "I am there in the cause of happiness." And that is what is central to your interactions with other people. If you’re a scientist, your job is to create and discover things that make the world a better place for others. If you are a teacher, if you are an athlete — and the way that we reach even higher levels of elegance and majesty is when we realize that we are basically in the service of others that we are around.   00:35:50    What matters is that you take whatever talent and abilities you have been endowed with by the Creator, develop them to the fullest of your abilities, and then place those abilities at the foot of humanity.   00:36:04    MUSIC: BOURBON STREET PARADE   00:36:13    WYNTON MARSALIS: When I stand up on the stage now and play my horn, I don’t think, "Check me out and what I'm going to play." I think, "I am honored to stand here tonight in front of these people who have paid to hear — and I hope that I present a portion of the majesty and the beauty and grandeur of my tradition in the type of pride and honor I feel at being an American and having the chance to realize that ideal, in spite of racism and other types of ignorances that have been developed more than the beauty of our country." Thank you.   00:36:45    ALICE WINKLER: That is Wynton Marsalis, speaking there to delegates and members from around the world at the Academy of Achievement Summit in 1990.   00:36:54    MUSIC: BOURBON STREET PARADE   00:37:10    ALICE WINKLER: I’m Alice Winkler, and this is What It Takes. Check back in two weeks for another episode, and in the meanwhile, tell your friends to subscribe. Thanks to you for listening, and thanks to the Catherine B. Reynolds Foundation for funding What It Takes.   00:37:26    MUSIC: BOURBON STREET PARADE   END OF FILE

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Use -Ever Words Whenever You Like

  In the song “Whenever, Wherever,” popular Colombian singer Shakira tells us about a long-distance romance. At one point in the song, she asserts that time and distance are of little importance when two people are meant for each other:   Can't you see I'm at your feet Whenever, wherever We're meant to be together I'll be there and you'll be near And that's the deal, my dear… In the song, Shakira uses the words “whenever” and “wherever,” meaning “it doesn’t matter when” and “it doesn’t matter where.” From popular songs to written and spoken communication, English speakers use what are called “-ever words” quite a lot. Today, we will explore the meanings and uses of these words. Each one is formed by taking what we call “wh- question words” –like when and where -- and adding the word -ever to them. A common structure for -ever words is: -ever word + subject + verb. And, as you will see, each word has two main meanings, and they are not very different.   Whatever Let’s start with the word whatever. The word whatever can mean “anything” at all or “it doesn’t matter what.” Listen to an example: You can have whatever you like. This sentence means: “You can have anything that you like.” Whatever also means “it doesn’t matter what.” Listen: Whatever you do, don’t come home after sunset! This sentence means: “I don’t care what you are doing. Just don’t come after sunset!” In this case, “Whatever you do” is a not a necessary clause, but is used to emphasize when to return home. Whichever Our next -ever word is whichever. The word whichever can mean “any one of a group” or “it doesn’t matter which.” English learners may ask about the difference between whichever and whatever. Here’s what’s different: whichever is used when identifying from a set of choices that are known to both the speaker and the listener. Listen: Those three hats are the nicest. Choose whichever you like best and I’ll buy it. This means: “Choose any one of the three hats and I’ll buy it.” The word whichever also means “it doesn’t matter which.” Listen: V1: I’m not sure whether I want to go to Martinique, Guadeloupe or St. Lucia. V2: Whichever trip you choose, I’m sure you’ll get lots of time in the sun. The second speaker is saying: “It doesn’t matter which trip you choose. I’m sure you’ll get to spend a lot of time in the sun.” Whoever Our next -ever word is: whoever or whomever. Unlike other -ever words, this word has two forms. The word whomever has become less common over the years because of the difficulty people have had knowing when to use it. Today, whoever is more popular in American English. The word whoever can mean “any person” or “it doesn’t matter who.” Listen: Whoever told you that didn’t know much about cars. This means: “Any person who gave you that piece of information did not know much about cars.” Whoever also means “it doesn’t matter who.” Listen: Whoever you go with, make sure they bring their cell phone. The speaker is saying that it doesn’t matter who you go with. Make sure they bring their phone. Now we’ll tell you about wherever, whenever and however and give you some sentence examples. But this time, instead of us telling you the meaning, you can tell us the meaning in the Comments section. Wherever Our next word -- wherever -- can mean “in at or to any place” or “it doesn’t matter where.” Listen an example: Home can be wherever you find happiness. And here’s another one: Wherever the boy went, the dog followed. Tell us what you think each sentence means. Whenever Onto our next -ever word: whenever. This word can mean “at any time” or “it doesn’t matter when.” Here’s one example: I’m going to stay for another hour. Feel free to leave whenever you want. And here’s another: Whenever you have time, let’s sit down and have some pie. Did you guess the meanings of these whenever sentences? In the second example the word whenever is used simply to emphasize that this can happen when the person has time. Replacing whenever with the word when would express the same basic meaning. However Now, let’s move on to our final -ever word for today: however. As you may know, however can have a few meanings, including being a synonym for the word but. But today, we’ll talk about its meanings as an -ever word. However can mean “in any way” or “it doesn’t matter how.” Listen to an example: We will help you however we can. Here’s the second example: However you do it, please finish it by 10 tomorrow morning. Tell us what you think the meanings are in the Comments. What can you do? So, how can you become comfortable using -ever words? The next time you’re reading something, listening to a song, or watching a film or television show in English, look for examples of -ever words. Then, try using them in your everyday conversations. If you practice these words enough, you’ll be able to use them whenever and wherever you like. I’m Alice Bryant. Alice Bryant wrote this story for Learning English. George Grow was the editor.   -ever word meaning whatever ‘anything’ or ‘it doesn’t matter what’ whichever ‘any one of a group’ or ‘it doesn’t matter which’ whoever / whomever ‘any person’ or ‘it doesn’t matter who’ wherever ‘any place’ or ‘it doesn’t matter where’ whenever ‘any time’ or ‘it doesn’t matter when’ however ‘any way’ or ‘it doesn’t matter how’ ______________________________________________________________ Words in This Story assert – v. to state something in a strong and definite way it doesn’t matter – expression. used to say that something is not important clause - n. a part of a sentence that has its own subject and verb emphasize – v. to give special attention to something synonym – n. a word that has a similar meaning as another word in the same language comfortable – adj. causing no worries, difficulty or uncertainty practice - v. to do something again and again in order to become better at

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News Words: Recommendation

College admission experts say most U.S. colleges and universities require letters of recommendation. Learn what it is in this week's News Words.

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US Targets 'Cyber Actors' as Russians Prepare for Presidential Elections

The United States government is taking action against over 20 Russian “cyber actors” for interfering in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. The Treasury Department announced sanctions against the GRU, the Russian military intelligence organization, and 13 Russian citizens. Those individuals already face charges as a result of a special U.S. investigation of Russian activities during the election campaign. The measures also target the Internet Research Agency, a company based in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Officials say it sought to divide Americans with misleading stories and commentary on American issues during the campaign. The sanctions mark the first time President Donald Trump’s administration has directly blamed the Russian government for election interference. Putin riding ‘Russia First’ wave Across Russia, final preparations are being made for elections on Sunday. Vladimir Putin is expected to win another term as president. Many Russians credit him with defending the country against Western governments that consider him a dangerous leader. Studies of likely voters show Putin with a commanding election lead. That all but guarantees him another term that will take him to nearly 25 years in power. The only thing that could take away from a Putin victory is if a lack of interest in a predictable election keeps many people from voting. The Reuters news agency says officials are also concerned that Putin’s opponents may organize protests against what they see as an undemocratic election. In an election campaign where television reporters often say good things about Putin, he has presented himself as the only person who can defend Russia’s interests in a hostile world. His supporters point to Russia’s military intervention in Syria and its takeover of Crimea from Ukraine in 2014 as examples of his leadership. They say U.S. and European sanctions announced during the Ukraine crisis are a price worth paying. An argument with Britain over claims the Russian government poisoned a Russian double agent in England has not hurt Putin’s popularity. The Russian government has denied involvement. Boycott Campaign Vladimir Putin was first elected president in 2000. This year, on March 9, a study found that 69 percent of likely voters expressed support for Putin. The state-operated polling company reported the finding.   His nearest competitor, Pavel Grudinin, candidate of the Communist Party, received just 7 percent in the poll. Another candidate, Ksenia Sobchak, a television presenter and family friend of Putin, has criticized the Russian leadership. But she has only two percent support, the same poll showed. Government officials say some Russians may decide not to vote because of Putin’s lead over the other candidates. That could lessen his position with the ruling elite who have backed him, partly because of his ability to command popular support. The first politician in years to threaten the government’s control on power, Alexei Navalny, is not on the ballot. He was barred after being jailed for corruption, charges he says were invented by Russian officials. Navalny, who uses social media to fuel anger among his mostly young followers over official corruption, is pushing an election boycott. “Our boycott campaign is working,” he said this week. As evidence, Navalny pointed to a plan by officials to offer food at lower than normal prices at voting stations. He also said state officials were pressuring government employees and students to vote. Problems of the office Though winning another term is nearly guaranteed, governing Russia for another six years will not be easy. Hurt by lower oil prices and the effect of Western sanctions, Russia’s economy grew by only 1.5 percent last year. That is well below the growth Russians had come to expect in the earlier years of Putin’s rule. Putin has spoken of the need to increase economic growth, but the steps that economists want include lessening the state’s position in the economy. Many people in leadership positions resist this idea because it may affect their own wealth. But it is the end of Putin’s next term that may lead to problems. Term limits bar him from seeking re-election, and Putin has said he will not change the constitution to stay in office.   Some members of the ruling elite are reported to believe Putin will repeat the move he took in 2008 when he also faced term limits. At that time, another man took over the presidency while Putin served as prime minister. If Putin, who will be 71 when his next term ends, wants to retire, however, he will need to identify a replacement. That risks releasing tensions between competing groups in the ruling elite. I'm Bryan Lynn. And I'm Susan Shand.   Susan Shand adapted this report for VOA Learning English. Her story was based on information from VOANews.com and the Reuters news agency. George Grow was the editor. _____________________________________________________________ Words in This Story sanctions – n. a measure or action that results from failure to obey a law or rule poll – n. an activity in which several people are asked a question or a series of questions in order to get information about what most people think about something cyber – adj. of or related to or involving computers or computer systems elite – n. upper class

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For American Factory Towns, Loss of Good-Paying Jobs Hurts the Most

  It is easy for people in Erie, Pennsylvania to blame their city’s economic problems on the loss of manufacturing jobs to China and Mexico. Many Americans, including President Donald Trump, believe that factory closures are the main issue facing aging manufacturing towns in the United States. Since 2008, Erie has suffered a less-known and possibly more serious loss of well-paying, white-collar jobs. Half of the business leadership positions in Erie — 220 jobs — have disappeared. The city has lost 10 percent of its computer workers, 40 percent of its engineers and 20 percent of its lawyers. The Associated Press says that information comes from a study of government records. All these jobs helped to support Erie’s manufacturing industry. And they are the kind of work that has increasingly become the base of the American economy. The AP examined U.S. Department of Labor records dating to 2008. It found that a third of major cities — nearly 80 communities — are losing a greater percentage of white-collar jobs than blue-collar jobs. In Ohio, cities such as Toledo and Canton have had a harder time keeping jobs in offices than on factory floors. The situation is similar in Sheboygan, Wisconsin; Wichita and Topeka, Kansas; in Birmingham, Alabama and Decatur, Illinois. “That’s one of the most painful aspects of the economic decline of these manufacturing centers: They get hit twice,” said Enrico Moretti, an economist at the University of California, Berkeley. “First, they lose the factories. But second, and most importantly, they lose everyone who was supportive of those factories.” Economists worry most about this second-level loss. They believe that cities need white-collar jobs to meet a new economy based on specialized knowledge and technological skill. Higher-Paying Jobs Leaving Smaller U.S. Cities During the 2016 election campaign, candidate Trump promised voters that he would bring factory jobs back to areas that had lost them. But the AP study shows how higher-paying jobs are leaving smaller cities, and a generation of workers are following. Such workers could create businesses or serve existing companies if they stayed. The AP studied employment records by occupation from the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics. It then compared employment numbers for metropolitan areas with national averages. Jobs that were defined as white collar include supervisory, administrative and sales positions. Blue-collar occupations include production, machine operation and transportation positions. White-collar workers are increasingly moving away from smaller cities and settling in fast-growing areas like Seattle, Nashville, Chicago and Silicon Valley. As those higher-paying occupations become centered in fewer places, the wealth they create is less likely to be passed along to cities with a history of manufacturing. Making Erie More Appealing In Erie, many business leaders say the city mainly needs to keep and create more white-collar jobs. Its largest for-profit employer, Erie Insurance, recently repaired an old building where the U.S. National Guard kept arms and military equipment. The company has also been rebuilding old homes nearby, slowly turning part of the city into a business center. In addition, Erie Insurance is leading a private $40 million effort to fill downtown Erie with stores and housing. It is hoping that the changes will appeal to other employers and college graduates. For the company’s chief executive, the project is personal. Tim NeCastro has five adult children; only one has chosen to stay local. “If this is successful, 10 years from now, two more of my kids will move to Erie,” he said. “They will find a reason to get back here.” It is the same issue many small- and middle-size cities face. Children who left for college are mostly not returning home. Many young people are choosing to live in communities close to a major university, like Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 200 kilometers south of Erie. In larger cities, it is easier for white-collar workers to make job changes that offer more money or possibilities for career development. This makes big cities appealing to younger professionals. For example, Census Bureau records show that Chicago, Illinois, added nearly 40,000 college graduates under age 35 since the Great Recession began in late 2007. Boston, Massachusetts gained about 10,000. Denver, Colorado added 25,000. However, in the same period, Toledo, Ohio lost 1,600 young college graduates. In a 2016 campaign speech in Erie, Trump blamed unfair trade for the struggles facing communities across the country. He spoke about the North American Free Trade Agreement and the entrance of China into the World Trade Organization. "We will stop these countries from taking our companies," Trump said. The argument helped Trump, the Republican Party nominee, win Erie County. It had voted for Democrat Barack Obama in both the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections. In the 13 months since Trump entered office, Erie has lost about 800 jobs. The number of people seeking jobs dropped by more than 2,000. Trump has announced taxes on steel and aluminum imports in hopes of strengthening U.S. industry. I'm Ashley Thompson. And I'm Caty Weaver.   The Associated Press reported this story. George Grow adapted the report for VOA Learning English. Caty Weaver was the editor. _______________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   white-collar – adj. of or related to office workers blue-collar – adj. of or related to people who work in a factory aspect – n. the way something appears; a part of something decline – n. a process of becoming worse or weaken in condition graduate – n. someone who completed a study program at a school, college or university metropolitan – adj. of or relating to a large city as well as nearby cities and towns We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments Section.  

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Egypt’s President Struggles with Islamic State in Sinai

  As Egypt prepares for a presidential election, the country continues to struggle with security in the Sinai Peninsula. The election will take place from March 26 through March 28. President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi is expected to easily win a second term in office. However, Egypt’s military remains in a campaign against extremist groups in the Sinai including the Islamic State group. The IS is suspected in a December attack against the Al-Arish air base. Officials believe Egyptian government ministers were the targets. Reuters news service reported that the attackers used a laser-guided missile to destroy a helicopter. Military and police officials say a Russian-made missile was fired from a house near the base. The ministers were not hurt. The military noted the attack in December but officials did not comment on it since then. Islamic State remains in the Sinai The Islamic State is using the Sinai area as a hiding place. The group has been forced out of Libya, Iraq and Syria. In January, the United Nations released a report that spoke of the “resilience” of the Islamic State in Egypt. Reuters reports that the Egyptian military has said it had killed more than 1,800 rebels in the area since 2014. In February, the army launched an offensive in the Sinai. It said it killed may suspected rebels and detained hundreds of others. The military said the army, navy and air force cooperated in a new way in the campaign. Sisi’s supporters say the security situation now is better than it was in the years after the Arab Spring uprising of 2011. Sisi’s office did not answer requests for comments on the current security situation. A new Sinai campaign against militants The attack on the helicopter took place three weeks after Sisi ordered his generals to use, in his words, “brute force” against jihadists. Egypt’s military is using warplanes, tanks and troops that have fought Islamists in the Sinai for years. Some experts say the army should use more effective methods that are less likely to anger civilians in the area. One Western diplomat said Egypt should employ more targeted, intelligence-based tools for fighting extremism. However, a military official told Reuters that Egypt’s security forces are succeeding. He also said civilians would be paid for material damages caused by the fighting. The army says more than 10 soldiers have died in the recent Sinai operation and that hundreds have died in recent years. The Islamic State has said that it killed many soldiers in the last month in roadside bomb attacks. The group is said to have released an unconfirmed video of the attack on the airbase. The governor of Sinai announced after the attack that a secure area would be extended around the base. But people Reuters spoke to questioned whether the measures would help, saying they would only make people angry. I’m Mario Ritter.   Reuters News Agency reported this story. Mario Ritter adapted it for VOA Learning English. Caty Weaver was the editor. ________________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   resilience –n. the ability to regain strength or previous abilities brute –adj. violent jihadists –n. Muslims who support “holy” war We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments section, and visit our Facebook page.

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Report: Saudi Will Develop Nuclear Bomb if Iran Does

The crown prince of Saudi Arabia said his country will develop nuclear weapons if its rival Iran does. Prince Mohammed bin Salman told the American television network CBS, “Saudi Arabia does not want to acquire any nuclear bomb, but without a doubt if Iran developed a nuclear bomb, we will follow suit as soon as possible.” The CBS report with the prince will air on Sunday. The prince’s statement raised the chances of a nuclear arms race in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia, a Sunni Muslim kingdom, and Iran, a Shi’ite-majority republic, are longtime rivals. The two countries are backing opposing groups in armed conflicts in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Yemen. Saudi Arabia has criticized the 2015 nuclear deal between world powers and Iran. The deal lifted economic sanctions on Iran in exchange for limits on its nuclear energy program. U.S. President Donald Trump has described that agreement as a “terrible deal.” The United States will restart sanctions against the country unless Trump issues new “waivers” to suspend them on May 12. An American withdrawal from the nuclear deal would likely lead to the restarting of nuclear development in Iran. Civilian nuclear program Saudi Arabia is currently developing a civilian nuclear energy program to reduce its economy’s dependence on oil. Saudi Arabia, the world’s top oil exporter, has previously said it wants nuclear technology only for peaceful uses. But it is unclear whether it also wants to enrich uranium to produce nuclear fuel. The process can also be used to produce atomic weapons. The United States, South Korea, Russia, France and China are competing for a deal to build the country’s first two nuclear reactors. American companies can only transfer nuclear technology to a country that has signed an agreement that rules out domestic uranium enrichment and the preprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. Such steps can have military uses. So far, Saudi Arabia has refused to sign any agreement that would take away its ability to one day enrich uranium. This has been at the center of worldwide concerns over Iran’s nuclear program, which enriches uranium domestically.   Hai Do adapted this story for Learning English based on Reuters news reports. Ashley Thompson was the editor. Write to us in the Comments Section or on our Facebook page. ______________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   rival - n. country that tries to defeat or be more successful than another acquire - v. to get something follow suit - v. to do the same thing waiver - n. an official document indicating desire to give up a right or requirement enrich uranium - v. develop higher concentration of uranium through the process of isotope separation transfer - v. to move something from one place to another domestic - adj. of, relating to, or made in your own country

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Experts Say Trump Tariffs May End Up Helping China

  Some economic experts are saying United States plans to put tariffs on billions of dollars of Chinese goods could end up helping China. U.S. President Donald Trump has accused China of permitting unfair trade policies that hurt the U.S. economy and its workers. Trump has also said he wants the U.S. trade deficit with China to be reduced. Recently, Trump announced plans to place new tariffs on steel and aluminum. He said the tariffs were meant to protect the U.S. steel and aluminum industries, which are important to national security. Steel imports to the U.S. would be subject to a 25 percent tariff, while aluminum would face a 10 percent tariff. Canada and Mexico do not have to pay the new tariff. Many other steel and aluminum exporting nations have said they also want to avoid it. The U.S. administration is also currently considering putting additional tariffs on up to $60 billion of Chinese goods, Reuters news agency reports. Those new tariffs would be placed on products in the technology and telecommunications industries, Reuters cited officials as saying. The plans to put new tariffs on Chinese goods reportedly came as the result of an investigation launched last year into violations of intellectual property rules by China. In addition, a White House spokeswoman said the administration is requesting that China take steps to reduce its trade imbalance with the U.S. Officials have set a target for China to cut its U.S. trade surplus by at least $100 billion, she said. Last week, President Trump tweeted that China had been asked “to develop a plan for the year” to reduce the trade imbalance by $1 billion. “Our relationship with China has been a very good one, and we look forward to seeing what ideas they come back with. We must act soon!” the tweet said. The White House spokeswoman said Wednesday that the amount was actually $100 billion. The U.S. Census Bureau says the U.S. trade deficit with China reached a record $375 billion in 2017. That number is two-thirds of the U.S. trade deficit with all its trading partners. China has estimated its 2017 U.S. trade surplus was $276 billion. That is equal to two-thirds of its trade surplus, of $422 billion, with all other countries, Reuters reports. Some economic experts are saying that some tariffs meant to punish China might end up helping the Chinese. They say this is because some of the latest American policies - such as the tariffs on steel and aluminum – affect other nations as well. One example is the European Union, or EU. The EU in the past has joined with the U.S. to dispute Chinese trade policies both considered unfair. Christopher Balding is a professor of economics at Peking University’s HSBC Business School. He says recent Trump administration decisions on tariffs are likely to change current world trade alliances. “One of the biggest problems with recent Trump actions is that it seems to very much alienate many countries who have nearly identical interests in confronting Beijing and their strongly protectionist trade regime.” Balding added that this could make EU members and some other nations less willing to support Trump when his administration is also placing tariffs on them. In December, trade ministers from America, the EU and Japan promised to cooperate on efforts at the World Trade Organization. They said they would fight Chinese trade policies they consider unfair such as state support for exporting companies. They say this support permits the companies to sell products at a lower cost. Jacob Kirkegaard is with the Peterson Institute of International Economics. He told VOA cooperation with other members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development could change because he thinks the new situation is clearly helping China. “There is no doubt that the splitting of the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) or Western camp, on trade disputes - because of the unilateral decision of the Trump administration - is a benefit to China.” Chinese officials have repeatedly said they do not want a trade war to break out with the U.S. But they have also said in several statements they would take measures to protect Chinese trade interests if U.S. actions are seen as threatening. I’m Bryan Lynn.   Saibal Dasgupta reported this story for VOA News. Bryan Lynn adapted it for Learning English, with additional material from Reuters and the Associated Press. Mario Ritter was the editor. We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments section, and visit our Facebook page. ________________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   tariff – n. a tax on goods coming of leaving a country retaliate – v. to take negative action in response to negative action intellectual property – n. work or invention that is the result of creativity such as a design, a manuscript, software, etc. that one has copyright or trademark surplus – n. a situation in which a country sells more to other countries than it buys from other countries deficit – n. situation in which a country buys more from other countries than it sells to other countries alienate – v. to cause to become isolated or apart from the group confront – v. to oppose or challenge, often in a direct and forceful way unilateral – adj. involving only one group or country benefit – n. something that helps or provides an advantage  

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French Baker Fined For Working 7 Days a Week

  This is What’s Trending Today… Cedric Vaivre owns a bakery in the small French village of Lusigny-sur-Barse.  Last summer, Vaivre decided to keep his business open every day of the week to serve visitors to the area. That decision may cost him. The French department of Aube has fined the 41-year-old baker 3,000 euros, or about $3,600. Aube officials say he violated a local employment law. The law says bakeries cannot be open seven days a week. Instead, bakers must take one day of rest. European media reports say Vaivre is refusing to pay the fine. And many in his community are on his side. About 2,000 people have signed an official message of support for Vaivre. Lusigny-sur-Barse sits near several beautiful lakes, as well as a protected park area. In fact, Vaivre’s calls his bakery “La Boulangerie du Lac,” or “Bakery of the Lake.” Travelers from across France visit the area during summer months. The Guardian newspaper reported that, until 2016, local officials had permitted Vaivre’s shop to stay open every day of the week during the summer.  However, officials refused Vaivre’s request to do the same last summer. He stayed open anyway. Eric Scherrer is an official with the French retail union CLIP-P.  He explained that the law for bakers and others in the food industry is meant to protect people from working too much. Scherrer told France’s The Local news site, “It’s an artisanal trade where people can work a lot, much more than the legal limits.” But the town’s mayor, Christian Branle, is supporting Vaivre. Branle told L’Est Eclair newspaper, “In a tourist area, it seems essential that a business can open every day during the summer. There’s nothing worse than closed shops when there are tourists.” And that’s What’s Trending Today. I’m Phil Dierking. Ashley Thompson wrote this article based on reports by The Guardian and French media. Caty Weaver was the editor.  _______________________________________________________________ Words in This Story   bakery - n. a place where bread, cakes, cookies, and other baked foods are made or sold retail - n. the business of selling things directly to customers for their own use artisanal - adj. relating to making things by hand tourist - n. a person who travels to a place for pleasure essential - adj. extremely important and necessary

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"Just Drive" - Emma G

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